July 04 - 2013
Explicitly
this information is useful in understanding the nature of ;
·
How the body functions in relation to
time itself.
·
BPM and BPAM ( Beats Per (Arc) Minute )
Following is a
fascinating ( repost ) of a “timer” found WITHIN the human body!
January 6, 2003
Purdue
researchers discover basis for biological clock
https://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/030106.Morre.bioclock.html
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. – The biological clock – timekeeper
for virtually every activity within living things, from sleep patterns to
respiration – is a single protein, Purdue University researchers report.
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The husband and wife team of D. James and Dorothy
Morré has discovered this protein, which is responsible for setting the length
of periods of activity and inactivity within cells. If the protein is altered,
an organism's body will experience "days" of different length –
ranging from 22 to 42 hours in length in some cases. The discovery could have
far-reaching implications for medicine.
"We can now begin to understand the complex chain
of events that connect the clock to events in the body," said James
Morré;, Dow Distinguished Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in Purdue's
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences. "Since the clock affects nearly
every bodily activity, this discovery holds myriad potential applications, from
minimizing jet lag to determining when best to administer cancer drugs."
The research, which appears in the journal
Biochemistry, is the culmination of four decades of work and a lifelong
fascination of James Morré.
"I first set out to find the source of the
biological clock in 1962, when I was still a student," he said. "Back
then the question was the subject of perennial and lively scientific debate.
Theories abounded as to why the body was able to keep its own rhythm – some
thought it was bound up in cellular chemistry, but others thought it could be
influenced by anything from the lunar cycle to sunspots. No one could prove
anything conclusively, though, so the physicists had a field day arguing about
it."
The argument was more than just an intellectual
exercise. Even in the early 1960s, scientists knew that cancer patients and the
elderly often experienced disorders thought to be related to the biological
clock. As time passed, it also became clear that astronauts suffered bone loss
and muscle wastage due, in part, to space travel's effects on their internal
clocks, and air travelers began experiencing the clock-related ailment of jet
lag.
"We knew little for certain," he said.
"But I always thought a better understanding of life's processes would
result if we knew what made them tick."
One biological clue to the puzzle was discovered in
the 1960s. Heavy water – water made of two atoms of deuterium, the isotope of
hydrogen with an extra neutron in its nucleus – could alter the clock to run on
a 27-hour day.
"Lots of heavy water was available back then, as
it was needed for nuclear reactors," he said. "Investigators
discovered that if you fed cells heavy water, they would operate on a 27-hour
day. It was a clue that the clock had a biochemical basis, but heavy water's
effect was almost forgotten as other explanations for the clock gained
favor."
Forty years passed. Morré spent time on other
projects, but the biological clock never escaped his mind or efforts
completely. Then an examination of how cells grow led him to the discovery.
The Morrés found that cells increase in size at a
periodic rate – they enlarge themselves for 12 minutes, then rest for 12 before
growing again. The complex interaction of proteins is the basis for many
activities within cells, and James Morré theorized that some undiscovered
proteins were responsible for the 24-minute growth cycle.
The discovery came when the team found that a single
cylinder-shaped protein molecule with a unique characteristic regulated the
cell enlargement cycle. This particular protein had two activities: one served
as a catalyst for growth activities for 12 minutes and then rested while its
other activity took over for the next 12 minutes.
"Our model is that of a Janus-head protein with
two opposing faces," he said. "One 'face' handles cell enlargement.
Then the protein 'flips over,' allowing the second face to carry out other
activities while cell enlargement rests. While two functions from a single
protein had been seen before, what is totally unique here is that these
activities alternate, and with very precise timing. The activities don't both
run all the time, but instead alternate to generate the 24-minute period
length."
To confirm that the protein was responsible not just
for regulating growth but for all activities set by the biological clock,
Pin-Ju Chueh, then a microbiology graduate student in Dorothy Morré's lab,
isolated the gene which produced the protein within cells. The team then cloned
the protein and altered it in ways that produced different period lengths.
"We found that we could produce clocks with
cycles of between 22 and 42 minutes," James Morré said. "The 'day'
which the cell experienced was precisely 60 times the period length of the
protein's cycle. We even found that feeding cells heavy water gave them a
27-minute cycle of growth and rest, so that old piece of information served to
confirm our theory."
Morré said the discovery could be applied to a great
number of biological issues.
"Now we have an opportunity to tell how organisms
tell time," said Dorothy
Morré;, professor of foods and nutrition in Purdue's School of Consumer and
Family Sciences. "This could give us new insights into cellular activity,
such as cholesterol synthesis, respiration, heart rhythms, response to drugs,
sleep, alertness – there's so much."
While it is presently difficult to make the biological
clock speed up or slow down, it can be reset, a fact which could assist the
sleep-deprived.
"This discovery also affords an opportunity to
improve our methods of clock setting, from minimizing jet lag to correcting
sleep disorders," he said. "We might even be able to develop simple
artificial clock-setting environments to aid astronauts and those living near
the Arctic Circle, where day-night cycles are absent for long periods."
While the research could be applied to many disorders,
the newly discovered protein first needs further attention.
"It is very difficult to look at the
protein," James Morré said. "Usually with unknown proteins you can crystallize
them and then examine them with a high-energy X-ray beam, but this one can't be
crystallized because it's constantly moving. A better picture of the protein
switching back and forth would greatly assist future practical applications of
the discovery."
This research was sponsored in part by NASA, the
National Institutes of Health and the Purdue Botanicals Center.
James Morré is a member of the Purdue Cancer Center, one of eight
National Cancer Institute-designated basic-research cancer centers in the
United States. Established in 1976, the center is committed to helping cancer
patients by identifying new molecular targets and designing future agents and
drugs for effectively detecting and treating cancer.
Both are members of the Purdue-UAB Botanicals Center, which in
collaboration with the University of Alabama-Birmingham, promotes
interdisciplinary botanicals research for the prevention of age-related
diseases. The center has received support from the National Institutes of
Health to study compounds in botanicals purported to reduce the risk of cancer,
osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cognitive function and other age-related
diseases. The Purdue-UAB Botanicals Center is one of four NIH-funded Botanicals
Research Centers in the United States.
Writer: Chad Boutin, (765) 494-2081, cboutin@purdue.edu
Sources: D. James Morré, (765) 494-1388, morre@pharmacy.purdue.edu
Dorothy Morré, (765) 494-8233, morred@cfs.purdue.edu
Purdue News Service: (765) 494-2096; purduenews@purdue.edu
PHOTO CAPTION:
D. James and Dorothy Morré in a Purdue University laboratory. The
husband-and-wife team has discovered a protein that is responsible for setting
the length of periods of activity and inactivity within cells in the body,
acting as a biological clock. The research, which appears in the journal
Biochemistry, is the culmination of four decades of work by James Morré.
(Purdue News Service Photo/David Umberger)
A publication-quality photograph is available at ftp://ftp.purdue.edu/pub/uns/morre.bioclock.jpeg
ABSTRACT
Biochemical Basis for the Biological Clock
D. James Morré,* Pin-Ju Chueh, Jake Pletcher, Xiaoyu
Tang, Lian-Ying Wu and Dorothy M. Morré
NADH oxidases at the external surface of plant and animal cells
(ECTO-NOX proteins) exhibit stable and recurring patterns of oscillations with
potentially clock-related, entrainable, and temperature-compensated period
lengths of 24 min. To determine if ECTO-NOX proteins might represent the
ultradian time keepers (pacemakers) of the biological clock, COS cells were
transfected with cDNAs encoding tNOX proteins having a period length of 22 min
or with C575A or C558A cysteine to alanine replacements having period lengths
of 36 or 42 min. Here we demonstrate that such transfectants exhibited 22, 36,
or 40 to 42 h circadian patterns in the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase, a common clock-regulated protein, in addition to the endogenous
24 h circadian period length. The fact that the expression of a single
oscillatory ECTO-NOX protein determines the period length of a circadian
biochemical marker (60 X the ECTO-NOX period length) provides compelling
evidence that ECTO-NOX proteins are the biochemical ultradian drivers of the
cellular biological clock.
( I’ll likely be adding more content to
this page over time – pun intended. J )
Although this content
has previously been mentioned and discussed on our other larger online forums –
I ran across this again today and wanted to place this content on an easy and
quick web page for your reference.
The authour and pilot, Captain Bruce L. Cathie from New Zealand, famour for his research into a
planetary grid has some interesting ideas about time and harmonic math and his
Earth Grid theory.
Cathies links ;
http://www.worldgrid.net/about-bruce-cathie/contact/
http://www.worldgrid.net/introduction-to-the-world-grid/
Cathie reports, based on his findings, that
the day (biological cycle) is a 27 hour period rather than a 24 hour one.
He finds also that his Grid Theory equations
are founded on this time cycle. His Grid minutes are 8/9 in relation to the
ordinary minute.
Interestingly this means we have more Grid
minutes than ordinary ones each day.
Therefore
a single ordinary minute of 60 seconds equals one Grid minute of 53.33 sec.
For those who are interested in calculating
things like frequencies over time this means you need to adjust the following ;
WAVEFORMS
BPM –
Beat per Minute
BPAM –
Beats per Arc Minute
LEARN MORE
ABOUT : tuning YOUR BODY AND MIND to the natural planetary harmonics.
LEARN MORE
ABOUT : tuning YOUR BODY AND MIND to the natural planetary harmonics.
