Couldn't the individual wave of the frequencies that we perceive
as oxygen be an electron, a set of these same waves be an atom, and a bar of
the same be a molecule of the same oxygen?
Would the molecule of a chemical combination become a bar of a
chord? Wouldn't that turn affinity into harmony and chemical value into value
of notes?
In which musical relationship to each other is the pitch of related elements?
Wouldn't more and different relationships of the elements to each
other appear, different from those the rigid structure of the periodic system
has permitted us to predict?
From an energetic point of view, assuming that matter is not an
opposite of energy but that our human senses perceive certain forms of energy
as matter, just as we perceive other forms of energy such as sounds, as warmth,
as light, as electricity, then the thought is not far-fetched that also what we
perceive as matter consists of a similar form of movement to those other forms
of energy. If we let a drop of water fall into a bowl of water, wave motions
are triggered. Sounds, warmth and light have long been recognized as wave-like
vibrations. The wave nature of electric vibrations has been proven through the
famous experiments of Hertz. And through the investigations of Balmer, Ames, Kayser and Runge as well as von Rydberg we know that
harmonic conditions also reign over the spectral lines. Shouldn't we be able to
find at least traces of similar laws governing the form of energy called
matter?
The
further pursuit of this thought has led to surprising results.
Dr. Alfred Partheil was the first scientist to suggest a
correlation between substances, or specifically chemical elements, and
frequency.
There
are mainly two laws that govern the whole of nature, the law of conservation of
energy and the law of conservation of mass. We are not able to create energy
out of nothing. But we are well able to transform energy into other forms of
energy. This transformation is complete, there is neither gain nor loss of
energy. The opposite of energy is mass, the opposite of force is matter.
The
chemist breaks the substances up into their basic constituents or elements. In
the face of the epoch-making announcement of Ramsays
and Soddys (1) stating their success in the
transformation of the emanation that appears when dissolving radium bromide in
water into helium, I do not dare to answer in the negative the question whether
the chemist is able to transform a basic constituent into another element.
Also, the chemist completely transforms the substances into their basic
constituents and he builds out of the elements not only the whole army of the
connections found in nature, but he has also synthetically created numerous
connections not usually created by freelancing nature. In all these
transformations of substances, the sum of the initial materials always equals
the sum of the reaction products. The same as energy cannot be created or
destroyed by man, matter cannot be created or destroyed. As force and matter
follow the same law of conservation, should they really be something of
opposing difference, or are the energeticians right
when they look at matter as a manifestation of energy?
My
expositions today mean, if I see it right, a noteworthy support for the view of
matter as energy.
The
science of chemistry today assumes that there are limits to the division of
substances. A quantum of water can be continuously divided into smaller quanta
until
we reach the molecule of water. A molecule of water cannot be
divided into further parts that are still water, but it can be divided into
ions, into atoms, into electrons, into parts of another order.
Aristotle
errs when he accuses the atomists of going against sense in their assumption.
We can divide a box of oranges only until we reach the single orange. If we
continue to divide the single orange into the skin and the carpels, we reach
parts of a different order, the same as when we divide the molecule of water
into one atom oxygen and two atoms hydrogen, and just like the parts of the
orange, the skin and the carpels, can be divided into cells so can the atoms
under certain conditions be divided into the electrons.
The
atoms of each element have a certain weight, and the atoms of different basic
constituents differ from each other in a characteristic way through their
different weights. While we cannot absolutely establish these atomic weights,
we are well able to determine the relationship of these weights to each other.
It is well known that these proportional numbers, referring to oxygen = 16 as
their unit and expressing the relative weights of the atoms of the basic
constituents are called the atomic weights.
The
problem of finding the relationships between the atomic weights and the
properties of the elements has occupied chemists for a long time already.
Already in 1817 Doebereiner has called attention to
these simple relationships. In 1829 he showed that there are groups of three
elements like chlorine, bromine, iodine, or like calcium, strontium, barium
that are very similar to each other in their chemical reaction while having a
constant difference of atomic weights. He called these groups triads. There are
also triads with a slightly different atomic weight e.g. osmium, iridium and
platinum.
In
1865 Newlands proposed the law of octaves which describes the observation that
in the row of elements by order of rising atomic weight each seven elements
with different chemical properties are followed by a new row of seven elements
in a way that the 8th with the first, the 9th with the second and so on
corresponds in their main properties.
Remarkable
progress in chemical research was made when in 1869 D. Mendelejeff
and about the same time Lothar Meyer showed that the main properties of the
elements
are the periodic functions of their atomic weights. This view
permits to propose a system of elements, the so called natural or periodic
system that - with the changes became necessary since, but mainly after Mendelejeff's proposal - can be formulated as shown on page
469.
In
the periodic system families of related elements are clearly recognizable in
vertical rows: The noble gases, the alkaline metals, the alkaline earth metals,
the element group of nitrogen, the halogens and others appear as natural
families. As already emphasized by Mendelejeff, the
vertical rows illustrate further the relationships between oxidation number and
atomic weights. The ability to combine with hydrogen or halogen rises from row
I to row IV and then decreases again, while the ability to combine with oxygen
from M2O in row I to M2OT in row VII rises. But one must not be blinded too
much by this striking regularity. It is well known that many elements form
oxides of which the most suitable ones have been chosen here.
Other properties that clearly show the periodicity are e.g. the specific weight
and the atomic volume of the elements and their combinations, the melting
points, the thermal expansion, the electric conductivity, the color of the
ions, the diffusion velocity of the ions, and others.
The
periodic system of the elements does not only give us the main outline of a
natural classification of elements, it also allows us to determine the atomic
weights of elements of which only the equivalent weight is known. It even
allows to predict the properties of so far unknown elements. Based on the
periodic system, Mendelejeff was able to predict the
existence of an element he called eka-silicone. He also predicted atomic
weight, specific weight, atomic volume and a whole row of other chemical and
physical properties this element would have. When thirteen years later C.R.
Winkler discovered germanium, it was found that this substance had all the
properties predicted by Mendelejeff for eka-silicone.
Also gallium and scandium have been predicted by the periodic system.
But
still the meaning of the periodic system in the form it has today must not be
overestimated. So can argon, tellurium and cobalt be put in their right place
in the system only through an arbitrary change of position, while we must not
forget that today our knowledge of the elements is still insufficient and one
sided. That is because the chemical processes that happen in ordinary or
slightly raised temperatures have been studied much more in depth than those
that happen in high temperatures, and because we have a more extensive
knowledge of the reactions that happen in a watery solution than in other
solutions. The periodic system we deal with is not a natural law recognized in
all details and consequences but merely the foundation on which such a natural
law might one day be built.
Element |
|
Atomic |
|
Atomic |
|
Pitch |
|
Vibration |
|
Musical Note |
|
||||||||||
Li |
|
7.03 |
|
112.48 |
|
# A -1 |
|
112.5 |
|
A |
B |
|
11 |
|
176 |
|
# F 0 |
|
177.7 |
|
F |
C |
|
12 |
|
192 |
|
G 0 |
|
192 |
|
F# |
O |
|
16 |
|
256 |
|
C 1 |
|
256 |
|
C |
Na |
|
23.05 |
|
368.8 |
|
b G 1 |
|
368.64 |
|
F# |
S |
|
32.06 |
|
512.96 |
|
C 2 |
|
512 |
|
C |
Ca |
|
40.1 |
|
641.6 |
|
E 2 |
|
640 |
|
E |
V |
|
51.2 |
|
819.2 |
|
b A 2 |
|
819.2 |
|
G# |
As |
|
75 |
|
1200 |
|
# D 3 |
|
1200 |
|
D |
Br |
|
79.96 |
|
1279.36 |
|
E 3 |
|
1280 |
|
E |
Sb |
|
120.2 |
|
1923.2 |
|
B 3 |
|
1920 |
|
B |
Hg |
|
200 |
|
3200 |
|
# G 4 |
|
3200 |
|
G |
There has been no success so far in trying to discover numeric
regularities in the order of atomic weights, as Ramsay showed in his
presentation titled "some observations about the periodic law of the
elements" at the conference of scientists in Kassel not long ago. He said:
"Let's arbitrarily look at the first period [see table in original text
page 470] or also the first group [ditto].
In
the first case the differences vary between 1 and 3, in the second between 15.4
and 16.1. In other cases the differences are even negative. The difference
between argon and potassium for example is -0.75, between tellurium and iodine
probably also -0.75.
If
we follow Stoney and imagine the elements represented by spheres and their
volume in a proportional to their atomic weights than we can imagine the
spheres in a concentric order like the skins of an onion, and their proportions
can be made visible through concentric circles. If we now divide these circles
into half circles and continue to divide those into octants and then
continuously connect the sections, we get a spiral that approximates a
logarithmical spiral. This spiral is not smooth but wavelike, and the waves
seem to have an approximate regularity.
To say it differently: If the cubic roots of the atomic weights
are divided up into 16 groups, the result is a wavelike line in which the waves
have an approximate regularity. Just like other attempts to express the atomic
weights through formulae, this one also fails because of the irregular
differences.
Ramsay's exposition has prompted me over the last time to more
intensely consider the problem of the numerical relationship of the atomic
weights.
During these considerations I found
a solution to the mystery in the following way:
From an energetic point of view, assuming that matter is not an opposite of
energy but that our human senses perceive certain forms of energy as matter,
just as we perceive other forms of energy such as sounds, as warmth, as light,
as electricity, then the thought is not far-fetched that also what we perceive
as matter consists of a similar form of movement to those other forms of
energy. If we let a drop of water fall into a bowl of water, wave motions are
triggered. Sounds, warmth and light have long been recognized as wave-like
vibrations. The wave nature of electric vibrations has been proven through the
famous experiments of Hertz. And through the investigations of Balmer, Ames, Kayser and Runge as well as von Rydberg we know that
harmonic conditions also reign over the spectral lines. Shouldn't we be able to
find at least traces of similar laws governing the form of energy called
matter?
The
further pursuit of this thought has led to surprising results.
we multiply with 16 the atomic weight of hydrogen and of uranium,
the elements with the lowest and the highest atomic weight respectively, we get
1.008*16=16,128 and 238.5*16=3816, numbers which differ less from the
frequencies of subcontra C - 16 and the b''''=3840
than they would in a tempered tuning ( 16.165 and 3906.168 ). In other words,
man with his senses is able to perceive an interval of about the same frequency
range (8 octaves) as matter as the ear can perceive as musical tones. Through
multiplication of the atomic weights of the other elements with 16 we get
numbers that for most of the elements match the frequency of certain tones.
E.g.:
[table
on page 472 of original text, wherein ais=a#, fis=f#,ges=gb,as=ab,dis=d#,gis=g#]
Following
this view I was able to develop the following formula for the calculation of
the atomic weights A.W.:
A.W.
= o * i
in
which o is the so called octave number and
i the interval for the pitch associated with the
element.
The
octave numbers are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128.
Lithium for example has the note a#, which has the interval 1.75, the octave
number of lithium is 4.
A.W.
= 4 * 1.75 = 7
Nitrogen
has the same note, but the octave number 8 and it is
A.W.
= 8 * 1.75 = 14
With
cadmium and radium we also have the note a#, but the octave numbers 64 and 128
respectively, and we calculate
for cadmium A.W. = 64 * 1.75 = 112
and for radium A.W. = 128 * 1.75 = 225
The note of arsenic is d# with i = 1.171, the octave number is 64, so that
A.W. = 64 * 1.71 = 74.944
Mercury has the note g# with i = 1.5625, the octave number is 128, so we calculate
A.W. = 128 * 1.5625 = 200.
I want to explain the meaning of the
interval and the octave number with the following table:
(See table page 474 and 475)
While our pianos have besides the notes
of the octave c, d, e, f, g, a, b also the five black keys for the half notes,
all in all 12 notes to the octave that we can play in all pitches because the
tuning of the piano is equal tempered, for the physically exact tuning we get
30 notes. It would go too far to explain the derivation of the intervals of
these 30 notes from the intervals of the c major scale. So it will suffice to
say that these 30 intervals are arrived at by transposing the scale of c major
through all major and minor keys. In practice the 30 notes are not used but
replaced by the 12 notes of our piano octave, because an instrument with that
many keys would be too cumbersome. In practice the notes are not tuned to a
physically exact pitch, but to chamber pitch. For our current reflection it is
enough to know that a physically exact tuned octave contains 30 notes with the
intervals found in the table above.
If the atomic weights are divided by
the octave numbers mentioned earlier 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 and the
octave number is chosen as denominator which gives us a fraction between 1 and
2 , we get fractions that for the overwhelming majority of elements correspond
so closely with intervals of notes, that we can order the elements according to
rising atomic weights into the 8 octaves, as shown in the table. We find for
example
|
H |
He |
O |
S |
Cu |
X |
the intervals |
1.008 |
0.99 |
1 |
1.001 |
0.99 |
1 instead of 1 or for |
|
As |
Sa |
|
|
|
|
the intervals |
1.171 |
1.171 |
|
|
|
instead of 1.171 for |
|
Rb |
Tu |
|
|
|
|
the intervals |
1.334 |
1.335 |
|
|
|
instead of 1.333 and so on. |
Unreproduced Table
To our Readers: We would appreciate any help you can give us to
transcribe this very large two page table. The
original table is here.
Thank you.
Notes:
vocabulary for tables on pages 474, 475 of
original text:
Ton=note, Dur=major, Moll=minor left column of
table page 469, from top: type of combinations - with hydrogene
or halogene - with oxygene
- first period row 1 - second - third - fourth
We can therefore put A.W. / o = i, from
which the above mentioned formula A.W. = o * i
follows without further ado.
We
saw that for most elements the interval numbers we calculated correspond
satisfactorily with the ones we found, mostly even surprisingly well. In some
cases the correspondence is less pleasant. In two cases there are not enough
intervals to cover all elements. Cerium and preasodymium
as well as osmium, iridium, platinum and gold do not find enough space in the
8th. Octave. At the moment I have to leave it open, whether these difficulties
found within the periodic system can be overcome by a future more accurate
determination of the atomic weights, or if they are caused by choosing the
wrong octave numbers. Maybe they will disappear if we use a different element
than oxygen = c as the "basic note". These calculations can be very
difficult and time consuming; outer circumstances have so far prevented their
execution.
Now
I would like to draw your attention to an interesting part of the system of elements.
Iodine with its atomic weight of 126.85 should have its place in the periodic
system before tellurium, which surely has an atomic weight higher than 127.
Only numerical inconsequence allows the application of the systematic here. We
have a similar situation with argon and potassium. Our table of intervals is
showing the interval cb for iodine and the interval
b# for tellurium. Although with the other notes the interval of the sharp lower
note is smaller than that of the flat higher note, the interval of fb is
smaller as e# and cb is smaller than b#. This almost
matches the situation with iodine and tellurium, but argon and potassium still
do not fall in the right place, but one note too low.
Maybe
this difficulty can be overcome with an appropriate calculation.
When you rise to the tower on winding stairs,
it appears to you
often the same picture, but it expands always.
The same, you mostly come, when rising in the reign of knowledge
Back to a well known thing, but see it heightened.
Gentlemen,
I have shown you today in a new light something already known. The
clarification of the simple relationships of the apparently irregular atomic
weight numbers to each other and to the frequencies of the notes seems to me to
prove that the form of energy we call matter follows the laws of wave movements
too. I hope that this realization has broadened and deepened your view of the
nature of matter and its parts. What is this realization promising to achieve?
From the vantage point to which I have led you today, let us take a flashlight
picture of the newly gained terrain.
Couldn't
the individual wave of the frequencies that we perceive as oxygen be an
electron, a set of these same waves be an atom, and a bar of the same be a
molecule of the same oxygen? Would the molecule of a chemical combination
become a bar of a chord? Wouldn't that turn affinity into harmony and chemical
value into value of notes?
In which musical relationship to each other is the pitch of related elements?
Wouldn't more and different relationships of the elements to each other appear,
different from those the rigid structure of the periodic system has permitted
us to predict?
How
will the relationship of stereo chemistry to musical chemistry develop, and how
will the latter be able to explain the phenomena of allotropy and isomery, especially optical isomery?
Gentlemen,
these are questions that could be followed by many more, questions that claim
an answer. You might say: This is chemical music, music of the future. Well, I
hope that through the collective working of the gained terrain the future will
bring us answers to at least some of these questions, and I do not doubt that
in some way or other the formula A.W.=o*i will play a
role.
to me to prove that the form of energy we call matter follows the
laws of wave movements too. I hope that this realization has broadened and
deepened your view of the nature of matter and its parts. What is this
realization promising to achieve? From the vantage point to which I have led
you today, let us take a flashlight picture of the newly gained terrain.
Couldn't
the individual wave of the frequencies that we perceive as oxygen be an
electron, a set of these same waves be an atom, and a bar of the same be a
molecule of the same oxygen? Would the molecule of a chemical combination
become a bar of a chord? Wouldn't that turn affinity into harmony and chemical
value into value of notes?
In which musical relationship to each other is the pitch of related elements?
Wouldn't more and different relationships of the elements to each other appear,
different from those the rigid structure of the periodic system has permitted
us to predict?
How
will the relationship of stereo chemistry to musical chemistry develop, and how
will the latter be able to explain the phenomena of allotropy and isomery, especially optical isomery?
Gentlemen,
these are questions that could be followed by many more, questions that claim
an answer. You might say: This is chemical music, music of the future. Well, I
hope that through the collective working of the gained terrain the future will
bring us answers to at least some of these questions, and I do not doubt that
in some way or other the formula A.W.=o*i will play a
role.
ORIGINAL SOURCED FROM ; http://www.biowaves.com/Research/Partheil/Partheil01.php
"VICE" MAGAZINE DESCRIBES US
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Donald Adams, a mathematician and
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created them under his company Sound of
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from the alternative
and contemporary health scene, he created mathematical maps of
the different states of the brain and
applied them to an algorithm, which spat out the
frequencies. His catalogue mostly deals
with healing and eliminating negativity.
That's how the idea came of using it at
parties. I gave it to a friend, DJ Noor, just to
experiment with his own creativity, but
then it led to the idea of us experimenting with
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“I have explored many of your frequencies and have
found that many of them are more stimulating
and great for use for the early part of the day. I
have found that they can ramp me up and make
it difficult to settle at night.
What frequencies do you recommend to use towards the
evening for a slowing down of the
systems of the body in
preparation for rest?
I have used the
Sleep Deep one before sleep and that helps but just wondering what other ones
I can indulge in
throughout the evening without negatively affecting my ability to settle and
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Thank you for your prompt responses. I
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It is rare to find
these days.”
[ NEXT DAY ] ;
“…started playing them last night and today and have
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It was much easier to fall asleep too… maybe too easy
I fell asleep on the couch lol.
I am going to be more diligent about the timing of
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First, determine what sort
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Next locate which
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experience by ‘THEME’.
You can purchase
individual frequency tracks or groups of frequency tracks that address the
same theme, interest type,
effects desired but in different ways.
In many cases groups
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Most group collections of
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When you search our online Tradebit catalog you can view the
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but if you wish to
purchase let me know first what you would like and I can send
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If you want to explore
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Regarding frequencies that
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with excellent track records over many years.
Generally we group
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Some collections cost more
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Please indicate what your
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Once you email me a quote
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"VICE" MAGAZINE DESCRIBES US ; "As for the frequencies themselves, Donald Adams,
a mathematician and former Microsoft software engineer from
Edmonton, created them under
his company Sound of Stars. Using a huge database of research
from the alternative and
contemporary health scene, he created mathematical maps of
the different states of the brain
and applied them to an algorithm, which spat out the
frequencies. His catalogue mostly deals
with healing and eliminating negativity. That's how the idea
came of using it at parties.
I gave it to a friend, DJ Noor, just to experiment with his
own creativity, but then it led to the
idea of us experimenting with audiences."
https://www.vice.com/en/article/qkazgw/canadian-electromagnetic-instrument
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The Biological
Perspective In the
Introduction, I discussed the evolution of organized matter from the photon
through particles, atoms and molecules to living cells which begin to
differentiate in structure and function forming a wide variety of tissues and
organs that play a specialized function in the human body. It is reasonable
to assume all these levels of organization including the whole human being
play a role in shaping consciousness. Particularly important are the nervous
system, comprising brain and spinal cord, and the endocrine system,
comprising a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. Many biological scientists today implicitly believe that these
structures not only shape consciousness, but are actually the source of conscious
awareness. This view is known as the biological identity theory. The
Nervous System Neuron
cells are the principle units of the nervous system. Their function is to
conduct nerve impulses transmitting information. The twelve billion neurons
in our bodies vary greatly in size and shape; however they all have two
general parts: a cell body and fibers. The cell body contains structures that
keep the neuron alive and properly functioning. The neural fibers are of two
classes: dendrites stimulated by neighboring neurons or physical stimuli; and
axons, which transmit impulses to other neurons or to an effector, such as a
muscle or gland. The
process by which pulses transmit across the neural membrane is
electrochemical. The pulses are caused by rapid and reversible changes in the
permeability of the membrane to certain ions. The resulting flows of ions
across the membrane give rise to electrical impulses, which can be detected
and recorded with various instruments. The size of the nerve impulses and the
speed with which they travel are unique to each particular neuron and do not
relate to the strength of the stimuli that initiated them. Firing thresholds
will vary with time from neuron to neuron depending on many factors; however
once the threshold is reached, the electrochemical changes that cause the
impulse proceed to completion. Therefore, information about any stimulus is carried
by (1) the frequency of nerve firing and (2) by the number of particular
fibers carrying impulses, and not by the strength of any single impulse.
This, incidentally, is the same on-off principle by which information is
coded in a digital computer. Some nerves transmit as many as 1000 impulses
each second.
Neurons
are stimulated to fire by either sensory receptors or other neurons. Nerve
impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a
muscle or gland across an important gap known as a synapse. The whole region
including the bouton on the end of the axon on one neuron, the gap, and the
post-synaptic membrane of the adjoining cell, can be called the synaptic
region (the circled area in the multi-polar neuron photograph). Information
is transmitted across the synaptic gap by enzymes delicately released from
little spheres in the bouton called vesicles. The information is received at
the postsynaptic membrane, which is generally either excited or inhibited by
these chemicals depending again on many factors, such as the particular
combination of enzymes transmitted across the synapse or the interaction with
the electro-magnetic environment around the body. If the
post-synaptic membrane is stimulated by an inhibiting neurotransmitter its
firing threshold will become higher. An excitatory neurotransmitter will
lower the firing threshold of a given neuron, causing it to fire more often.
The actual firing threshold of a neuron is variable and is often determined
by the combined influence of hundreds of synapses.
Thus
the synaptic aspect of neural transmission is not an all or none affair, and
may be thought of as the analog or continuous aspect of the human
bio-computer. Some nerves actually loop back upon themselves to form reverbrating circuits which may be the neural basis for
memory storage. The
nervous system itself is quite complex and may be divided into several
different structures. The
peripheral nervous system comprises those neurons or parts of neurons that
lie outside the bony case formed by the skull and the spine. The somatic
nerves of this system mediate the sensory inputs and muscle movements that we
are consciously aware of during waking hours. The
autonomic part of the peripheral system regulates many functions--such as the
heart rate, blood pressure, endocrine and digestive processes of which we are
not normally conscious, but which can be brought under conscious control
through bio-feedback and yoga techniques. The sympathetic aspect of the
autonomic system generally comes into play when we experience strong
emotions, while the parasympathetic system tends to be active when we are
calm and relaxed. The cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system, as well as
of the sensory nerves of the somatic system, gather together in ganglia alongside
the spinal column, and at other points in the body. The cell bodies of
somatic motor-nerve fibers, however, are located inside the central nervous
system. The
central nervous system is organized into two principle parts, the spinal cord
and the brain. The spinal cord serves as a conduction path to and from the
brain and also as an organ for effecting reflex action. The brain seems to
play an important role in all the complex activities constituting
consciousness -- thinking, perception, learning, memory, etc. The three main
structures of the brain are known as the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the
forebrain.
Within
the hindbrain lie the cerebellum, the pons, and medulla. These neural centers
regulate breathing, heartbeat, motor coordination, posture, and balance. They
are also involved in mediating nerve impulses from the body to the higher
brain centers. The
midbrain contains numerous nerve fiber tracts and neural centers regulating
body changes in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The
forebrain has reached its greatest development in humans and other highly
evolved animals, such as porpoises. It comprises the cerebrum, which is
covered by the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and a group of closely related structures
forming the limbic system. These parts of the brain mediate our inner mental
and emotional processes. The
sensations in your mind are mapped out on the cerebral cortex of your brain,
which mediates your conscious sensory and motor functions, as well as complex
perceptual processes.
One
method of researching cerebral functioning has been to electrically stimulate
the exposed cortex of human subjects, under local anesthesia, who could then
report on their experiences. By stimulating certain areas various types of
sensations, movements and thought patterns can be evoked. Another method of
research is to observe the functioning of individuals who have had portions
of their brain removed or damaged. Especially in the case of young children,
removing a portion of the brain does not seem to impair the functioning ofthe mind. One
important line of research has indicated the two hemispheres of the cerebral
cortex function differently. The speech areas of the human cortex are almost
always located on the left hemisphere, regardless of whether the person is
right or left handed. Several researchers have suggested that the mind's
logical and linear functions are associated with the left hemisphere; while
the more kinesthetic, pre-verbal, intuitive properties of consciousness
derive from the right hemisphere. The particular functions each hemisphere
assumes may vary with different individuals. However, the capacity for two
uniquely different modes of consciousness within each individual seems
well-established. Important differences also seem to exist between the
intellectual cortex and other deeper, emotional layers of the forebrain. Those
parts of the brain most attuned to the body's needs and emotional states are
the limbic system and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a bundle of nerve
bodies, about the size of a peanut, located just above the roof of the mouth.
It contains several centers that mediate the excitement and inhibition of the
hunger, thirst, and sexual drives, as well as emotional arousal. The activity
of these centers is in turn regulated by such factors as hormones in the
blood and signals from other parts of the brain, including the cortex.
Certain areas in the hypothalamus and limbic system, when stimulated, can be
a source of enormous pleasure for the body. In
conjunction with the reticular activating system, the hypothalamus is also
involved in the mediation of sleep and arousal states. By
attaching electrodes to the skin of the head, psychologists are able to
measure the electrical activity of the brain as a whole. Brain waves thus
measured can generally be correlated with different states of consciousness
ranging trom the alert waking state, to drowsiness,
hypnagogic imagery, meditation, sleep, and dreaming. Individuals can learn to
control their brain waves, and also their internal states of consciousness
through techniques providing them with immediate feedback on their
physiological state. Researchers suggest there may be no biological functions
that cannot be brought under conscious control in this fashion. Many
individuals are able to develop this control through simple techniques of
yoga, hypnosis, and meditation. The
Endocrine System
The
endocrine system, which comprises glands secreting powerful hormones into the
bloodstream, is one of the most interesting areas of autonomic functioning.
Our personality and character is profoundly effected by our hormone balance.
The major endocrine glands are the pituitary and pineal glands in the brain,
the thyroid and parathyroids in the throat, the thymus gland located near the
heart, the adrenal glands, and the sexual glands. To a lesser degree, other
parts of the body, including neurons, also secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. The endocrine system is self-regulating in that hormone
secretion from any gland is activated in part by other hormones in the
bloodstream. The hypothalamus also plays an important role in stimulating
certain hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The
pituitary is often called the "master gland" because it secretes a
number of hormones that stimulate or inhibit secretion in the other glands of
the body. It also produces hormones that regulate the growth rate of children
and awaken the sexual glands at puberty. The
pineal gland produces several substances including a hormone known as
5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin.
Serotonin
is of the same chemical series of indole alkaloids that includes psychedelic
drugs such as LSD-25, psilocybin, D.M.T. and bufotenine.
The
exact mechanism by which serotonin might effect consciousness or behavior is
not well understood by scientists today. Research findings are paradoxical as
serotonin is known to affect different parts of the body and brain in
different ways, depending on the proportions and combinations of other
hormones and enzymes present during the interaction. Generally speaking
serotonin is recognized as a neural inhibitor in the brain. The stores of
serotonin in the brain are depleted by reserpine, a tranquilizer, and
augmented by iproniazid, a mood elevator. Large amounts are present in the
limbic system and the hypothalamus. Smaller concentrations occur in the
cortex and the cerebellum. Ablation of the nerve network in the brain called
the raphe system, which contains considerable amounts of serotonin, is known
to produce permanent insomnia. The ingestion of serotonin is unlikely to
effect the central nervous system as it does not cross the blood-brain
barrier. If it did, its main result would be to put one to sleep. Most of the
serotonin in the brain is in the reticular activating system where it plays
an important role in the sleep-wake cycle. When serotonin levels in the r.a.s. rise, the brain goes into deep sleep. Other
studies have shown greatly increased amounts of serotonin in the brains of
psychotic patients. According to biologist John Bleibtrau,
"Bananas and plums abound in serotonin; so do figs, and among species of
figs none is richer in serotonin than the ficus
religiosa, known in India as the Bo tree, under which the Buddha reportedly
sat when he became enlightened." Thus the hormone produced by the pineal
gland makes possible emotions, perception, sleep and wakefulness, and
orientation to conventional reality. The
thyroid gland produces a hormone known as thyroxin, which controls the
metabolic rate at which the body produces energy. Whether a person is slow
and sluggish or extremely active is influenced by this hormone. (Occult
systems often associate this gland with the throat chakra). The
hormones produced in the thymus gland regulate the process by which the body
learns to differentiate its own proteins from foreign substances which may be
harmful to it. By this process antibodies are manufactured that react only
against invading antigens and not to the myriad similar substances necessary
to the body. One could think of the thymus gland as being closely related to
the body's sense of organic identity. The
adrenal glands, located in the back of the body above the kidneys, secrete
the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are related to states of
strong emotion. The sympathetic nervous system can stimulate the adrenal
glands and the action of the adrenal hormones produced generally intensifies
the actions of the sympathetic system throughout the body. It helps mobilize
sugar into the blood and makes more energy available to the brain and
muscles. It stimulates the heart to beat faster and also constricts the
peripheral blood vessels, thus raising blood pressure. The sex
glands or gonads are the testes in men and the ovaries in women. The hormones
they produce are responsible for the marked physical changes that take place
during puberty -- the beginning of menstruation, growth of the breasts, voice
changes and beard and body hair growth. It is
important to recognize that the complex activity of manufacturing the
hormones and enzymes, which regulate both neural transmission and the
endocrine system, is guided by the subtle programming coded into the genetic
structure of each cell in the body. One can view these three modes of
physiological functioning as communication systems. Neural transmission
provides rapid communication for the whole body -- requiring fractions of a
second for feedback. The endocrine system provides inter-organ, slow
communication -- requiring minutes to hours for feedback. While the genetic
structure can be seen as an organism-environment communication system
requiring many generations for feedback. It is
recognized that manufacturing protein substances within the cells is guided
by the DNA codes; however scientists have yet to find a satisfactory
explanation for the development of tissues, organs, and whole
organisms. Melanin:
The Organizing Molecule Building
on the "reflexive universe" model of Arthur M. Young (to be
presented at the end of Section IV), physician Frank Barr hypothesizes that
neuromelanin, a complex category of light and sound absorbing molecules, is
responsible for our experience of a continuum of mental states. It is the
molecule, he claims, that coordinates interactions between the endocrine and
nervous systems. Barr summarizes his theory: Neuromelanin
-- through 1) its photon-phonon-(exciton)-(soliton) interactions; 2) its
semi- (and possibly super-) conductive capacities; 3) its cation exchange
flow; 4) its continuous free radical signal; 5) its neuroglial direct
current; 6) its potentially diverse covalent modifications; 7) its potential
to trigger reversible enzyme cascade amplifications; etc. -- could precisely
regulate the neuroendocrine system. By meticulous phase-timing, neuromelanin
could coordinate the synthesis, release, uptake, destruction, modification,
and/or recycling of the various neuroamines and
peptides throughout the brain. The
Temporal Lobe Factor in Psychic Experience Psychologist
Michael A. Persinger of Laurentian University in
Canada that, whether psi experiences are real or imagined, the temporal lobes
of the brain play a significant role in mediating such experiences. Deep
within the temporal lobes are the mesiobasal
structures, specifically the hippocampus (often referred to as the gateway to
memory) and the more anterior, amygdala (the mediator of affect and
meaning). The
temporal lobes have diverse structures and multiple functions including
memory, the sense of self in space and time, the attribution of meaning and
emotional significance, audition, organization of complex visual patterns,
smell, and language. Persinger suggests that psi information signals are
carried on extremely low electromagnetic frequencies to which temporal lobe
structures are sensitive. He describes his approach to understanding psychic
functioning in the temporal lobes: The
deep structures of the temporal lobes are the most electrically unstable
portions of the human brain. This instability is really a sensitivity, due to
the microcircuitry of the neurons; it allows the phenomena of declarative
memory and its consolidation to occur. However, there are consequences to
this sensitivity. The temporal lobe structures are prone to electrically
active foci...Local and paroxysmal discharges can even be produced by
specific memories and biofrequency (extremely low
frequency) magnetic fields that penetrate brain tissue. The
contribution of temporal lobe processes to psi phenomena have two important
implications. Firstly, the phenomenological characteristics of psi
experiences, especially spontaneous ones, should be dominated by the functions
of the temporal lobes. Such evidence is clearly seen in the propensity for
spontaneous psi experiences to involve visuoauditory
modalities, dreams (modulated via the hippocampus), and intense affect (the
amygdala) that attributes the experience with intense, personal
meaningfulness. Secondly, the electrical lability means that many other
stimuli could both compete for neural substrates that facilitate psi
experiences and stimulate psi-like experinces, that
is generate pseudo-psi or quasi-psi. Persinger also notes that no other brain condition
simulates spontaneous psi experiences as closely as temporal lobe epilepsy.
This disorder is associated with brief paroxysmal electrical discharges
within the mesiobasal regions of the temporal lobe.
If the discharge remains within one lobe and does not propagate to motor
regions, there are no convulsions. An observer might not realize the person
is experiencing a seizure. However,
there are often experiential phenomena that are associated with such
discharges which resemble the major manifestations of spontaneous psi
experiences. These include deja vu,
depersonalization, out-of-body types of experiences, a sense of a presence,
time distortions, an internal "hearing and knowing," anxiety or
panic, experiences of floating or falling, shapes in the peripheral visual
field (especially the upper quadrant), and complex visual
"hallucinations." Electrical stimulation studies have demonstrated
that these experiences are specific to temporal lobe structures., People
who have chronic electrical discharges within temporal lobe structures also
develop a behavioral pattern which overlaps with the profile of persons
interested in psychic and "new age" matters. These patterns
include: a widening of affect, such that unusual events acquire special
personal meaning; an interest in philosophy and mysticism; a sense of
personal destiny; episodes of delusions; and a desire to either record one's
experiences or to communicate one's beliefs. Following
up on his interest in geomagnetic effects upon consciousness (which will be
discussed further), Persinger has assembled a body
of data suggesting a marked similarity between the diurnal distribution of
limbic epilepsy and psi experiences. The number of temporal lobe seizures
(with observable motor activity) were plotted for each one hour interval from
a population of about 100,000 events collected before anticonvulsants were
introduced into medicine. Seizures were most prominent between 0200 and 0400
hours local time, with a secondary peak around 2200 hours. For
comparison, the percentage of total cases per hour for all of the histories
of spontaneous telepathy concerning death and crises to significant others
from the Society for Psychical Research collections that contained the hour
of the occurrence (open circles)., In addition, Persinger
collected similar cases that contained this information as reported in Fate Magazine.
A statistical analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the
well-documented SPR collections and the less documented Fate cases --
suggesting the possibility of a similar mechanism effecting their
occurrence. Peak
displays of spontaneous experiences concerning death and crises to
significant others occurred between 0200 and 0400 hrs, with a secondary peak
around 2100 to 2300 hours. However, unlike the epileptic events, there was
increased incidence of ostensible psi experiences around 1600 hours. The
partial similarity of the hourly distribution of the incidence of both
epileptic episodes and ostensible psi experiences is an example of the
commonality of the two phenomena. They appear to exist along a continuum of
temporal lobe lability or sensitivity. They may both involve local microseizuring that generate experiential phenomena
without overt motoric displays. However, Persinger
claims that "it would be incorrect to assume that psi experiences are a
form of limbic epilepsy." One must also take into account that normal microseizuring occurs every night, during the dream or
REM (rapid eye movement) state. The most important difference from the
perspective of psi research, of course, is the trigger that evokes the
experience. Persinger has verified the existence of a temporal lobe
continuum of activity in normal individuals who show no signs of epilepsy or
abnormal personality. The more frequent the number of temporal lobe signs a
person reports, Persinger suggests, the more likely
they are to report spontaneous psi experiences and to score well in
laboratory tests of psi. The
Ecology of Consciousness One of
the most interesting new areas of science concerns electrostatic interactions
between biological organisms and the environment. I have already indicated
that the electro-chemical nature of neural transmission plays an important
role in mediating information-transfer throughout the body. Now we will take
a look at some of the more subtle extensions of our biological functioning: Our
bodies are influenced -- in ways often overlooked -- by the existence of
small ions in the atmosphere. The research of scientists such as Albert P.
Krueger are sometimes dismissed as insignificant in the face of gross
environmental pollution, however they seem to show important implications for
consciousness:
Air ion
formation begins when enough energy acts on a gaseous molecule to eject an
electron. Most of this energy comes from radioactive substances in the
Earth's crust, and some from cosmic rays. The displaced electron attaches
itself to an adjacent molecule, which becomes a negative ion, the original
molecule then becoming a positive ion...natural gas or water molecules
cluster about the ions to form small air ions of four types: H+(HzO)n, (HaO)+(HzO)n, Oz(HzO)n and OH-(HzO)n, where n is a small number. In
normal clean air over land, there are 1500 to 4000 ions/cubic centimeter. But
negative ions are more mobile and the earth's surface has a negative charge,
so negative ions are repelled from the earth's surface. Thus the normal ratio
of negative to positive ions is 1.2 to l. Man
often encounters very low concentrations of ions, and modern city life
increases the ratio of positive to negative small air ions. A 14-day study in
1971 by B. Maczynski (lnt.
J. Biometeor, vol. 15, p. 11) in an office
containing four people showed that the small air ion concentration dropped as
the day went on, falling on average to only 34 positive ions and 20 negative
ions/cm1. And a test at a light industry area of San Francisco by J. C.
Beckett (J. Amer. Soc. Heating, Refrig, and Air
Cond., vol 1- p 47) showed a small ion count of less than 80 ions/cm3. In
both cases the number of physiologically inert large ions rose
considerably-apparently small ions react with dust and pollutants to form
large ions. People
travelling to work in polluted air, spending eight hours a day in offices or
factories, and living their leisure hours in urban dwellings, inescapably
breathe ion-depleted air for substantial portions of their lives. There is
increasing evidence that this ion depletion leads to discomfort, enervation
and lassitude, and loss of mental and physical efficiency. This syndrome
appears to develop quite apart from the direct toxic effects of the usual
atmospheric pollutants. It occurs in the absence of such pollutants, in the
"clean" air of rural schools or libraries which happen to be
ion-depleted due to special factors which remove ions, such as stray
electrical fields. On the other hand, evidence is accumulating that
substantial increases in ions can have highly beneficial effects, from
relieving the pain of burns to promoting plant growth. Experiments
have shown that negative ions promote the healing rate of animals with
severed peripheral nerves, skin lacerations, burns, and post-operative
discomfort. They are known to greatly enhance cell proliferation, and under
certain circumstances they are known to raise the critical fusion frequency
threshold (the point at which a flickering light appears constant) in humans
and decrease visual reaction time. In
several instances both positive and negative ions are shown to have similar
effects. High doses of either type of ion have been shown to be lethal to
bacteria. High densities of negative or positive ions increase, on the other
hand, the maze learning ability of rats. Low concentrations of positive and
negative ions are known to produce fewer alpha frequency brain waves in human
beings. High concentrations of ions tend to disrupt alpha frequencies in a
more variable fashion. In rats, varying outputs of ions in either polarity
will produce measurable changes in urine, defecation, sleeping period,
respiration rate, and attacks on the aluminum foil ground plate used to
generate the ions. In general, oddly enough, the lowest ion concentrations
were the most effective in evoking (or provoking) such changes. Particularly
interesting is Kreuger's demonstration of the effects small air ions have on
the levels of serotonin in the blood and in the brain. He has shown that in
mice positive ions raise blood levels of serotonin and negative ions depress
them. In these rodents' brains, low dosages as well as high dosages of both
negative and positive ions produced significant decreases in serotonin-as
compared to normal atmospheric levels. This disparity can be accounted for by
the fact that serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. (You will recall
the important role brain-serotonin plays in mediating many facets of
consciousness.) Negative ions are also known to play a role in speeding up
plant growth and in increasing resistance to influenza. Research
from Israel dramatically illustrates the link between atmospheric ionization,
physiological levels of serotonin, and consciousness. In many parts of the
world, observers have noted that certain "winds of ill repute" have
a discomforting effect upon individuals -- the Santa Ana winds in Southern
California, the Chinook winds in Canada, the Mistral winds of France, the
Zonda winds of Argentina, Sirocco winds of Italy, and the Sharav
or Chamsin winds of the Near East. Symptoms such as
sleeplessness, irritability, tension, migraines, nausea and vomiting, scotoma
(diminished vision), amblyopia (dimness of vision), and edemata
(swelling of tissue) have been noted. These symptoms resemble the effects of
hyper-production of serotonin. In weather-sensitive people, urinary serotonin
output showed a steep rise two days before the onset of the Sharav winds in Israel. They remained high the following
day and dropped only after the winds began. In addition to increase in
positive ionization, the salient meteorological features of these winds are a
rapid rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity. These factors by
themselves, however, fail to account for the physiological changes noted. The
negative psychological and physiological effects are attributed to the rise
in the ratio of positively charged ions in the atmosphere preceeding
the onset of the winds. It is interesting to note in this connection that the
word doldrums has two dictionary meanings: (1) dullness; a state of
listlessness and boredom, (2) a part of the ocean near the equator abounding
in calms, light winds, and squalls. On the
other hand, in locations where (-) air ion densities are relatively high,
such as near water falls, the general effect of the local environment is
tranquilizing and conducive to good health. It is no wonder then that
scientists in the know, such as Dr. Albert Krueger in Berkeley, use air
filters and negative ion generators at all times to restore the environment
around them to its natural unpolluted and electrostatically balanced state. Stepping
into Krueger's laboratory in the Life Science Building at the University of
California, Berkeley, and breathing deeply was like all of a sudden being out
in the crisp, clean air of a mountain wilderness. Closely
related to the electrostatic and ionic phenomena of the biosphere, are
electromagnetic phenomena that also play an important role in the ecology of
consciousness. The
magnetic field of the earth extends around the planet like a large donut and
is probably created by the flow of molten metals in the earth's core. The
average intensity of this field is about 0.5 gauss and it pulses at
frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 100 cycles per second. The predominant
frequency range of magnetic pulsations, known as the Schumann resonance, is
around 7.5 cycles per second. Several researchers have suggested that this
resonance in the geomagnetic and electrostatic field has an effect upon the
human nervous system-and upon consciousness itself. The
Schumann resonance is an effect due to the fact that an electromagnetic wave
(traveling at the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second) goes around the
earth's 25,000 mile circumference around 7.5 times a second. Perhaps it is
useful to think of the 7.5 c.p.s. brain wave
frequency as the boundary between alpha waves and theta waves. If that
frequency predominates in your brain waves you are generally in the
hypnogogic or hypnopompic state just on the border of wak`ng
up or falling asleep. The theta wave is frequently observed in the EEG
patterns of experienced meditators, who must pass through the Schumann
resonance portal without falling asleep. The
field of the earth is about 1000 times weaker than the field from a small
horseshoe magnet. The reported effects of such weak magnetic fields include
altered cellular reproduction, plant growth and germination, orientation to
direction, amplitude of motor activity, and enzyme activity. Of particular
interest is the work of Dull and Dull, which showed a striking correlation
between incidents of human illness and death during periods of sharp
geomagnetic disturbances (such disturbances are often related to solar-storm
activity). Another study conducted by Robert Becker and his associates at the
Veterans Administration Hospital in Syracuse, New York, showed a positive
correlation between days of geomagnetic intensity and the number of persons
admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Professor
Michael Persinger, of the Psychophysiology
Laboratory at Laurentian University, hypothesizes that the extremely low
frequency (ELF) Schumann waves may serve as a carrier for psi information. He
points out the near impossibility of shielding against such waves, requiring
no less than "an underground bunker surrounded by several inches of
steel." Noting
that ELF waves propagate more easily from midnight to 4:00 a.m., and that
they are easier to transmit from west to east rather than east to west, Persinger surveyed the ESP literature for any
correlations. His findings were as he predicted. Telepathy and clairvoyance
do show a tendency to peak roughly between midnight and 4:00 a.m. There is
also a slight tendency for the telepathic agent to be west of the percipient
rather than to the east. To clinch his argument, Persinger
observes that fewer psi experiences are reported during periods of
geomagnetic disturbance. Such disturbances also impair the propagation of ELF
waves., Several
investigators have shown that humans are sensitive to slight variations of
magnetic intensity. Once accustomed to distinguish between the presence and
absence of a weak magnetic field, subjects in several experiments were asked
to walk back and forth over a given area without knowing whether an
artificial magnetic field had been activitated.
Under these conditions, the subjects were extremely accurate in guessing
whether the current was in operation., This sensitivity is offered as a
partial explanation for the effectiveness of dowsers in finding water: Water
filtering through porous media produces electric currents through electrofiltration potential and concentration batteries.
If the medium is sufficiently conducting, and the current of the soil is
sufficiently high, then there exists at the surface of the soil a small
magnetic anomaly. The
precise channels by which the human body detects magnetism are still a matter
of speculation. However we know most biological processes are based on
chemical interactions, which can be accounted for, in the last resort, by the
interactions of atomic nuclei and electrons. In one study with dowsers, using
strict experimental controls and a double blind, weak magnetic fields were
shown to cause measurable changes in the electrical skin potential. Another
study was conducted in which future astronauts spent up to ten days in a
special chamber free of magnetic fields. During this time, no serious psychological
or physiological deviations were reported--although some of the findings have
remained classified. It was found, however, that the subjective perception of
general brightness was lower under the non-magnetic condition--thus implying
a magnetic effect upon the visual cortex. Soviet Studies, in addition, have
determined that weak magnetic fields can effect the direction-finding
orientation of birds, fish, and insects.,, Research with honey bees shows
that they are sensitive to fields of one gamma, i.e. several thousand times
weaker than the earth's 1/2 gauss field. Homing pigeons may rival honey bees
in sensitivity. Other studies have shown that germs and viruses are sensitive
to the slightest departure of the earth's magnetic field from the average--this
is reflected in reproduction rates and in genetic changes. For example,
exposure to magnetic fields causes resistance to penicillin in certain
strains. Sister
M. Justa Smith, Ph.D., a biochemist associated with
the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York, has shown that
strong magnetic fields affect the reactivity of certain enzymes in the human
body. These enzymes can act as a catalyst to speed up the body's natural
healing processes; and, in fact, Sister Smith observed that psychic healers
do exert a non-magnetic effect on the enzyme similar to the magnetic field.
Studies such as this have left scientists with a firm conviction that
magnetic fields play an important role in the body's healing and
immunological processes. The
world map shows the variations in the intensity of the earth's geomagnetic
field. Movement of high and low centers varies very slowly with time-the rate
of this movement is measured in feet per year. The center of lowest magnetic
intensity on the planet (25 gauss) is in Brazil right over Rio de
Janeiro.
(In
terms of psychic consciousness, it is interesting to note that Spiritism has
flourished in Brazil, in spite of opposition from the Catholic Church,
perhaps more than in any other nation. Brazilian spiritists,
synthesizing modern European, native Indian, and African culture, number over
a third of Brazil's population and comprise powerful interest groups with
their own elected representatives in the national legislature. There are
entire towns in Brazil composed solely of spiritists.) The
areas of greatest geomagnetic intensity center near the poles where readings
are found in the .60-.70 gauss range. Spacecraft at the altitudes and
latitudes of the usual near-earth orbits are generally not exposed to
magnetic fields lower than those in Brazil. However, spaceflights more than
about one sixth the distance to the moon enter a magnetic environment
near-zero in intensity. It is still uncertain precisely how these variations
of magnetic field will effect the consciousness of astronauts, as scientists
are just beginning to explore the interactions of electromagnetism on the
mind and body. For
nearly thirty years doctors in Austria, West Germany and the Soviet Union
have used a therapeutic technique known as electrosleep
to cure a wide variety of psychological problems related to insomnia. A weak
electric current (just enough to cause a tingling sensation) is passed
through the head by attaching electrodes over the closed eyes and over the
mastoid process (behind the ears). This induces an altered state of consciousness,
and eventually sleep. Over
500 articles about electrosleep have been published
in the Russian literature and a number of sophisticated studies in Western
Europe have produced evidence that the therapeutic process is effective.
However, American clinicians have remained very skeptical about all
electronic therapeutic processes, which have long been associated with
medical quackery. (The unfortunate exception to this assumption is
electroshock therapy where powerful current -- 70 to 130 volts -- jolts through
a patient's brain causing convulsions, memory loss, temporary relief of
depression and other symptoms. No one is sure how or why it works.) In the
last few years, American researchers have shown a new interest in electrosleep. A number of favorable research papers have
been presented using electrosleep with humans and
animals. Improvements have been shown in cases of insomnia as well as in
removing neurotic and psychotic symptoms. The exact mechanisms are still
unknown; but it is quite clear, as we have already pointed out, that
electromagnetic brain fluctuations are involved in the basic rest and
activity cycle. The
problem of bio-electromagnetic interactions is much more intrinsic than the
comparatively simple question of brain activity. The enormous role light
plays in our daily lives is so obvious we ordinarily overlook it. The most
dramatic responses to light can be observed in plants, upon which we are
dependent for oxygen and nutrition. The Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1780) first noticed that various flowers opened at different hours and
could actually be used as a clock. Linnaeus Flower Clock: In nineteenth century Europe,
formal gardens were sometimes planted to form a clockface, with the flowers
in each bed blossoming at a different hour. On a sunny day one could tell the
time to within a half hour by glancing at the garden. We wake
and sleep according to cycles of light and darkness. Furthermore, our adrenal
hormones, pineal hormones (such as serotonin), and our sexual hormones all
follow a twenty-four hour circadian production cycle which changes with the
seasons according to the amount of available sunlight. Reflect for a moment
you2�lf just how much your consciousness is effected by sunlight and artifical light in your environment in a church or temple
in the forest on a bright afternoon...in the moonlight...by the flickering
firelight a lamplit room...just after sunset...or in the dark. One of the
things I love to do is get up early in the morning, several hours before
sunrise while it is still dark. From a hilltop, I can silently watch the
gentle conquest of darkness as the earth turns and the birds, insects and the
hormones flowing in my own blood are all part of the music -- the planetary
rotation raga. (The Hindu musicians understood this perfectly well when they
composed different pieces of music to be played at different times of day.) In
Robert O. Becker's opinion, electromagnetic fields have enormous implications
for understanding consciousness. He suggests that the analog-synaptic aspect
of the central nervous system is regulated in part by electromagnetic
interaction with the environment. His research relating geomagnetic
disturbances to psychiatric admission rates has already been cited. In other
studies he has indicated that geomagnetic disturbances effect the behavior of
patients on a psychiatric ward, and that magnetic fields also have an effect
on human reaction time., Challenges
to the Biological Identity Model Ever
since its eloquent expression in the philosophy of Rene Descartes, dualism
has been a feature of western philosophy and cultural thought. While most
physiologists implicitly subscribe to the materialistic, biological indentity model of consciousness, many of of the most promiment members
of the field have opted for a cleancut dualism.
Wilder Penfield, the Canadian neurosurgeon whose experiments of electrical
stimulation of the brain were instrumental in developing our knowledge of
cortical functioning, ended a reknowned scientific
career by renouncing the biological identity principle: In the end I conclude that
there is no good evidence, in spite of new methods, such as the employment of
stimulating electrodes, the study of conscious patients and the analysis of
epileptic attacks, that the brain alone can carry out the work that the mind
does. I conclude that it is easier to rationalize man's being on the basis of
two elements than on the basis of one. Some neurophysiologists such as
Sherrington, Eccles, and Sperry have proceeded further in stating that mind
can act on brain directly.
They
have not specified, however, what they mean by mind, nor by what mechanism
mental organization can influence brain function. This is the basic problem
of dualism. Nevertheless, support for the dualistic position has come from
the logician and philosopher of science, Karl Popper, who summarizes the crux
of the argument against a materialistic biological identity model: [Materialists
suggest] that consciousness is nothing but inner perception, perception of a
second order, or perception (scanning) of an activity of the brain by other
parts of the brain. But [they] skip and skim over the problem why this
scanning should produce consciousness or awareness, in the sense in which all
of us are acquainted with consciousness or awareness; for example, with the
conscious, critical assessment of a solution to a problem. And he never goes
into the problem of the difference between conscious awareness and physical
reality. The
monist materialist can respond -- as philospher
Thomas Hobbes did in refuting Descartes' dualism -- that there is no reason
why matter should not be capable of thinking. This formulation is correct as
far as it goes. If we conceive of matter vaguely at the start, we cannot deny
it the faculty of thought. But this essentially destroys the mechanistic
world view: in addition to the classical properties of extension and motion,
an entirely different sort of property is now being ascribed to matter. The
mechanistic claims of materialism are thereby fundamentally changed, raising
severe problems for conventional physical notions. Some
leading physicists have gone even further in their dissolution of the idea of
matter. Under the influence of Ernst Mach, a physicist who believed neither
in matter nor in atoms, and who proposed a theory of knowledge reminiscent of
William James' radical empiricism, idealistic interpretations of quantum
mechanics have been put forward. As Bertrand Russell has eloquently stated: It has
begun to seem that matter, like the Cheshire Cat, is becoming gradually
diaphanous until nothing of it is left but the grin, caused presumably, by
amusement at those who still think it is there. References . Since
there are no pain receptors in the brain itself, only the scalp needs to be
anesthetized. While there are regions of the brain that seem to elicit pain
when stimulated, these "pain centers" (i.e. in the limbic region)
are simply the parts of the brain activated by the pain receptors of the
body. .
Richard F. Thompson, Foundations of Physiological Psychology. New
York: Harper and Row, 1967. .
Joseph E. Bogen, "The Other Side of the Brain:
An Appositional Mind," in Robert Ornstein (ed.), The Nature of
Human Consciousness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973. pp. 101-125. An
anthology of scientific, philosophical and literary material. . A. T.
W. Simeons, M.D., Man's Presumptuous Brain.
New York: E. P. Dutton, 1961. One of the most enjoyable and knowledgeable
studies of brain science. Even in an age of information-explosion, still
worth reading. .
Barbara Brown, New Body, New Mind. New York: Harper and Row,
1974. The story of biofeedback research seen through the eyes of one of the
pioneer investigators. . The
last two drugs are derived in the body directly from serotonin -- and
bufotenine is also the active ingredient in the toads that are proverbally used in witches' brews. . Frank
X. Barron, Murray Jarvik & Sterling Bunnell,
Jr., "The Hallucinogenic Drugs," Contemporary Psychology
Readings From Scientific American. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1971. p.
305. . A. P.
Krueger and S. Kotaka, "The Effects of Air
Ions on Brain Levels of Serotonin in Mice," International
Journal of Biometeorology, 13(1), 1969, 27. .
Angela Longo, "'To Sleep; Perchance to Dream?' A Neurochemical Study of
the States of Sleep." Unpublished paper, 1971. . John
N. Bliebtrau, The Parable of the Beast.
New York: Macmillan Company, 1968, p. 74. .
Phillip Handler, ed., Biology and the Future of Man. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 59-60. A survey of the life sciences
sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. . Frank
Barr, "Melanin: The Organizing Molecule," Medical
Hypotheses, 11(1), 1983, 1-140. . Frank
Barr, What is Melanin? Berkeley, CA: Institute for the Study
of Conscousness, 1983. . L. R.
Squire, "Mechanisms of Memory," Science, 232, 1986,
1612-1619. .
Michael A. Persinger, The Paranormal: Part
I. The Patterns. New York: MSS Information, 1974. .
Michael A. Persinger, "Psi Phenomena and
Temporal Lobe Activity: The Geomagnetic Factor," in L. A. Henkel &
R. E. Berger (eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1988. Metuchen,
NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1989. pp. 124-5. . P. Gloor, A. Olivier, L. F. Quensey,
F. Andermann, & S. Horowitz, "The Role of
the Limbic System in Experiential Phenomena of Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy," Annals of Neurology, 12, 1982, pp. 129-144. . P. Gloor, "Role of the Human Limbic System in
Perception, Memory and Affect: Lessons from Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," in
B. K. Doane & K. E. Livingston (eds.), The
Limbic System. New York: Raven, 1986. pp. 159-169. . Gloor, et al. . As a
person who has experienced seizures, I am interested in understanding the
extent to which one's orientation to the field of psi research and the
philosophical issues related to consciousness may be shaped by neurological
propensities. . D. M.
Bear & P. Fedio, "Quantitative Analysis of
Interictal Behavior in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," Archives of
Neurology, 34, 1977, 454-467. . W. P.
Spratling, Epilepsy and Its Treatment.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1904. .
Edmund Gurney, F. W. H. Myers & Frank Podmore, Phantasms
of the Living. London: Trubner, 1886. .
Eleanor Sidgewick, "Phantasms of the
Living," Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,
33, 1922, 23-429. .
Michael Persinger & G. B. Schaut,
"Geomagnetic Factors in Subjective Telepathic, Precognitive, and
Post-Mortem Experiences," Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 82, 1988, 217-235. . Persinger, "Psi Phenomana
and Temporal Lobe Activity," p. 127. . J. R.
Stevens, "Sleep is for Seizures: A New Interpretation of the Role of
Phasic Ocular Events in Sleep and Wakefulness," in M. B. Sterman & M. N. Shouse
(eds.), Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982, pp.
249-264. .
Michael A. Persinger & K. Makarec,
"Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Signs and Correlative Behaviors Displayed by
Normal Populations," Journal of General Psychology, 114,
1987, 179-195. . Persinger, "Psi Phenomana
and Temporal Lobe Activity," p. 131. .
Albert Krueger, "Are Negative Ions Good for You?" New
Scientist, June 14, 1973, 668. .
Albert P. Krueger, "Preliminary Consideration of the Biological
Significance of Air Ions," Scientia, September 1969. . A. P.
Krueger & S. Kotaka, "The Effects of Air
Ions on Brain Levels of Serotonin in Mice," International
Journal of Biometeorology, 13(1), 1969, 31-44. .
Albert P. Krueger, P. C. Andriese & S. Kotaka,
"Small Air Ions: Their Effect on Blood Levels of Serotonin in Terms of
Modern Physical Theory," International Journal of Biometeorology,
12(3), 225-239. .
Krueger & Kotaka, "The Effects," p.
33. .
Krueger, "Are Negative Ions Good for You?" . N.
Robinson & F. S. Dirnfield, "The lonization of the Atmosphere As a Functioning of Meterological Elements and of Various Sources of
Ions," International Journal of Biometeorology, 3(2), March
1963. . A. Danon & F. G. Sulman,
"Ionizing Effect of Winds of Ill Repute and Serotonin
Metabolism," Proceedings of the Fifth International Biometerological Congress, Sept. 1969. .
Albert P. Krueger, "Biological Effects of lonization
of the Air," in S. W. Tromp (ed.), Progress in Biometerology. Amsterdam: Swets
and Zeitlinger, 1974, p. 32. . A. P.
Krueger, personal communication to the author. .
Walter M. Elsasser, "The Earth as Dynamo," Scientific
American, May 1958. This article provides a basic explanation of the
earth's magnetic field. . James
B. Beal, "The Emergence of Paraphysics: Research and Applications,"
in E. D. Mitchell & J. White (eds.), Psychic Explorations.
New York: Putmans, 1974. . T.
Dull & B. Dull, "Uber die abhangigkeit des
Gesundheitszustandes von plotzlichen
Eruptionen auf der Sonne
und die Existenz einer 27
taigigen Periode in den Sterbefillen," Virschows Archiv, No. 293, 1934. This study is summarized in Michel
Gauquelin, The Scientific Basis of
Astrology. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker and Charles Bachman, "Geomagnetic
Parameters and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions," Nature,
200, November 16, 1963, 620-628. .
Michael Persinger, "ELF Waves and
ESP," New Horizons, 1(5), January 1975, 232-235. .
Michael A. Persinger, The Paranormal. Part
II: Mechanisms and Models. New York: M. S. S. Information Corp.,
1974. . Selco Tromp, "Review of the Possible Physiological
Causes of Dowsing," International Journal of Parapsychology, 10(4),
1968. Tromp, a Dutch researcher, has been the executive editor of the International
Journal of Biometerology. . Y. Rocard, "Actions of a Very Weak Magnetic Gradient:
The Reflex of the Dowser," in Madeleine F. Barnothy
(ed.), Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields. New York: Plenum
Press, 1969. .
Ibid., p. 281. . A
double blind is a basic experimental technique in which neither the subject
nor the experimenter know whether a particular condition is part of the
control or the test group, i.e. whether the magnetic field is on or off. .
Tromp, op. cit. . Yurij A. Kholodov, "Electromagnetic
Fields and the Brain," Impact: of Science on Society, 24(4),
October 1974, 291-297. Kholodov is one of the
Soviet researchers in the area of biomagnetic
interactions. This issue of Impact, published by UNESCO, was devoted to the
international developments in the "parasciences." . Yuri Kholodov, "The Brain and the Magnetic
Field," Journal of Paraphysics, 6(4), 1972, 144-147. This
article provides a more detailed description of Kholodov's
experiments. Several other articles in this issue of the Journal of
Paraphysics, published in England by Benson Herbert, deal with bio-magnetics. . A. S.
Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life, trans.
by F. L. Sinclair, ed. by F. A. Brown. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. This
volume is a compendium of the Soviet work in bio-magnetics. Presman is on the biophysics faculty at Moscow
University. .
Victor Yagodinsky, "The Magnetic Memory of the
Virus," Journal of Paraphysics, 6(4), 1972, 141. Translated
from the Russian. . M. Justa Smith, "The Influence on Enzyme Growth by the
'Laying on of Hands,'" in Dimensions of Healing. Los Altos,
Ca.: Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine, 1973. .
Svetlana Vinokurava, "Life in a Magnetic
Web," Journal of Paraphysics, 5(4), 1971, 135. . Homer
Jensen, "The Airborn Magnetometer," Scientific
American, 202(6), June 1961, 152. . Pedro
McGregor, The Moon and Two Mountains. London: Souvenir Press,
1966. This book offers an unusual balance of emotional involvement and
sociological objectivity. The author, an educated journalist, is also the
founder of a spiritist church which is attempting
to synthesize the many conflicting strains of Brazilian magical tradition. .
Charles C. Conley, "Effects of Near-Zero Magnetic Fields on Biological
Systems," Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, Vol.2. . R. R.
Koegler, S. M. Hicks, L. Rogers & J. H. Barger,
"A Preliminary Study in the Use of Electrosleep
Therapy in Clinical Psychiatry," in Norman L. Wulfson (ed.), The
Nervous System and Electric Currents. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. pp.
137-143. Not satisfied with the quality of the European work, these American
researchers conducted their own study with encouraging results. . Gay Gaer Luce, Biological Rhythms in Human and Animal
Physiology. New York: Dover, 1971, pp. 120-132. This is an unabridged
version of a report originally prepared for the National Institute of Mental
Health. . John
N. Ott, Health and Light. Old Greenwich, Connecticut:
Devin-Adair, 1973. Using the techniques of time-lapse photography, this
volume demonstrates the effects of light variations on plants and points to
similar responses in animals and people. .
Robert O. Becker, "The Effect of Magnetic Fields Upon the Central
Nervous System," Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, Vol. 2,
pp. 207-214. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker & Charles H. Bachman, "Psychiatric
Ward Behavior and Geophysical Parameters," Nature, 205,
March 13, 1965, 1050-1052. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker & Charles H. Bachman, "Effect of
Magnetic Fields on Reaction Time Performance," Nature, 213,
March 4, 1967, 949-950. .
Wilder Penfield, Mystery of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1975, p. 114. .
Charles Sherrington, Man On His Nature. New York: Macmillan,
1941. . John
C. Eccles, Facing Reality. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970. . Roger
W. Sperry, "Mental Phenomena as Causal Determinants in Brain
Function," in G. G. Globus, G. Maxwell & I. Savodnik
(eds.), Consciousness and the Brain. New York: Plenum, 1976. . Karl
R. Popper & John C. Eccles, The Self and Its Brain. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 98. .
Bertrand Russell, "Mind and Matter," in Portraits From
Memory. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956, p. 145. |
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