ROOTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS - IONIZATION & SEROTONIN & THE
DEVIL WINDS
CONSCIOUSNESS : THE HYPERSPACE
VIEW
CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE NEW PHYSICS
THE REFLEXIVE UNIVERSE
SEE FULL ARTICLE HERE
; http://www.williamjames.com/Theory/BIOLOGY.htm
EXCERPTS BELOW ;
"Research from
Israel dramatically illustrates the link between atmospheric ionization,
physiological levels of serotonin, and consciousness. In many parts of the
world, observers have noted that certain "winds of ill repute" have a
discomforting effect upon individuals -- the Santa Ana winds in Southern
California, the Chinook winds in Canada, the Mistral winds of France, the Zonda
winds of Argentina, Sirocco winds of Italy, and the Sharav
or Chamsin winds of the Near East. Symptoms such as
sleeplessness, irritability, tension, migraines, nausea and vomiting, scotoma
(diminished vision), amblyopia (dimness of vision), and edemata
(swelling of tissue) have been noted. These symptoms resemble the effects of
hyper-production of serotonin. In weather-sensitive people, urinary serotonin
output showed a steep rise two days before the onset of the Sharav
winds in Israel. They remained high the following day and dropped only after
the winds began. In addition to increase in positive ionization, the salient
meteorological features of these winds are a rapid rise in temperature and a
decrease in humidity. These factors by themselves, however, fail to account for
the physiological changes noted. The negative psychological and physiological
effects are attributed to the rise in the ratio of positively charged ions in
the atmosphere preceeding the onset of the winds. It
is interesting to note in this connection that the word doldrums has two
dictionary meanings: (1) dullness; a state of listlessness and boredom, (2) a
part of the ocean near the equator abounding in calms, light winds, and
squalls.
On the other hand, in
locations where (-) air ion densities are relatively high, such as near water
falls, the general effect of the local environment is tranquilizing and conducive
to good health. It is no wonder then that scientists in the know, such as Dr.
Albert Krueger in Berkeley, use air filters and negative ion generators at all
times to restore the environment around them to its natural unpolluted and
electrostatically balanced state.
Stepping into
Krueger's laboratory in the Life Science Building at the University of
California, Berkeley, and breathing deeply was like all of a sudden being out
in the crisp, clean air of a mountain wilderness.
Closely related to
the electrostatic and ionic phenomena of the biosphere, are electromagnetic
phenomena that also play an important role in the ecology of consciousness.
The magnetic field of
the earth extends around the planet like a large donut and is probably created
by the flow of molten metals in the earth's core. The average intensity of this
field is about 0.5 gauss and it pulses at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 100
cycles per second. The predominant frequency range of magnetic pulsations,
known as the Schumann resonance, is around 7.5 cycles per second. Several
researchers have suggested that this resonance in the geomagnetic and
electrostatic field has an effect upon the human nervous system-and upon
consciousness itself.
The Schumann
resonance is an effect due to the fact that an electromagnetic wave (traveling
at the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second) goes around the earth's 25,000
mile circumference around 7.5 times a second. Perhaps it is useful to think of
the 7.5 c.p.s. brain wave frequency as the boundary
between alpha waves and theta waves. If that frequency predominates in your
brain waves you are generally in the hypnogogic or hypnopompic state just on
the border of wak`ng up or falling asleep. The theta
wave is frequently observed in the EEG patterns of experienced meditators, who
must pass through the Schumann resonance portal without falling asleep.
The field of the
earth is about 1000 times weaker than the field from a small horseshoe magnet.
The reported effects of such weak magnetic fields include altered cellular
reproduction, plant growth and germination, orientation to direction, amplitude
of motor activity, and enzyme activity. Of particular interest is the work of
Dull and Dull, which showed a striking correlation between incidents of human
illness and death during periods of sharp geomagnetic disturbances (such
disturbances are often related to solar-storm activity). Another study
conducted by Robert Becker and his associates at the Veterans Administration
Hospital in Syracuse, New York, showed a positive correlation between days of
geomagnetic intensity and the number of persons admitted to a psychiatric
hospital.
Professor Michael Persinger, of the Psychophysiology Laboratory at Laurentian
University, hypothesizes that the extremely low frequency (ELF) Schumann waves
may serve as a carrier for psi information. He points out the near
impossibility of shielding against such waves, requiring no less than "an
underground bunker surrounded by several inches of steel."
Noting that ELF waves
propagate more easily from midnight to 4:00 a.m., and that they are easier to
transmit from west to east rather than east to west, Persinger
surveyed the ESP literature for any correlations. His findings were as he predicted.
Telepathy and clairvoyance do show a tendency to peak roughly between midnight
and 4:00 a.m. There is also a slight tendency for the telepathic agent to be
west of the percipient rather than to the east. To clinch his argument, Persinger observes that fewer psi experiences are reported
during periods of geomagnetic disturbance. Such disturbances also impair the
propagation of ELF waves.,
Several investigators
have shown that humans are sensitive to slight variations of magnetic
intensity. Once accustomed to distinguish between the presence and absence of a
weak magnetic field, subjects in several experiments were asked to walk back
and forth over a given area without knowing whether an artificial magnetic
field had been activitated. Under these conditions,
the subjects were extremely accurate in guessing whether the current was in
operation., This sensitivity is offered as a partial explanation for the
effectiveness of dowsers in finding water:
Water filtering
through porous media produces electric currents through electrofiltration
potential and concentration batteries. If the medium is sufficiently
conducting, and the current of the soil is sufficiently high, then there exists
at the surface of the soil a small magnetic anomaly.
The precise channels
by which the human body detects magnetism are still a matter of speculation.
However we know most biological processes are based on chemical interactions,
which can be accounted for, in the last resort, by the interactions of atomic
nuclei and electrons. In one study with dowsers, using strict experimental
controls and a double blind, weak magnetic fields were shown to cause
measurable changes in the electrical skin potential.
|
Consciousness
and the New Physics https://web.archive.org/web/20170927020326/http://www.williamjames.com/Theory/PHYSICS.htm Space-Time
According to Einstein The
special theory of relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein in 1905, is based
on the experimentally confirmed idea that the velocity of light is the same
universal constant, c= 3x1010 cm./sec., for all observers who move uniformly
in straight lines relative to each other. Consequently, Einstein's genius
deduced that events which are simultaneous to one observer are not
simultaneous to a second observer.
Furthermore,
moving clocks run slow. Moving measuring sticks contract in length along the
direction of motion. Energy is equivalent to mass -- i.e. E = mc2. And the
mass of a particle increases to infinity as the velocity approaches that of light.
Einstein's results have been confirmed many times in physics
laboratories. Like
all scientific facts, these results presuppose that the observers are in a
common state of consciousness whose legitimacy is determined by their
agreement or social contract. The legitimacy accorded any scientific theory
is a sociological matter. In fact, one interpretation of quantum physics is
that physical reality does not objectively exist independent of the
participating observers. Physicists
use a simple geometric picture of the flat spacetime of special relativity
called a "Minkowski diagram." Relativity
unites space and time into a unified "four dimensional space-time
continuum" in which time appears in the distance formula with a sign
different from the sign of space. Events are conceived of as points on the Minkowski diagram. The history of a sequence of events is
described by a curve or path on the Minkowski
diagram called a world line. Each event is the origin of a future light cone
and a past light cone. World lines that are everywhere inside the light cones
are called time-like and describe the history of particles moving at
velocities less than the velocity of light. World lines that are everywhere
on the light cones are called light-like and describe the histories of real
photons, neutrinos and gravitons that move at exactly the velocity of light.
World lines that are everywhere outside the light cones are called space-like
and would correspond to tachyonic processes happening faster than the
velocity of light.
Space-like
processes, if they exist, could be in two or more widely separated places at
the same time. Furthermore, these space-like processes allow the effect to
precede the cause for some observers and not for others. They are not allowed
in classical physics but are acceptable in quantum physics according to some
interpretations. Quantum transitions or "quantum jumps" may be
thought of as space-like processes. Folded
Space Some
psi researchers have attempted to use the concept of curved spacetime to
eliminate some of the apparent paradoxes involved in psi phenomena.
Psychologist Gertrude Schmeidler has suggested that
the universe may contain an extra dimension that permits "topological
folding" to occur so that two regions which are widely separated in an
Einsteinian universe might be in immediate contact, much as two points on a
towel which are normally quite a distance apart may be adjacent when the
towel is folded. Thus, apparent instances of ESP across great distances might
be explained by postulating that the persons involved are somehow in close
proximity in the "folded" space. Physicist
John Archibald Wheeler (a man with pronounced antipathy toward psi research)
has theorized that, at a microscopic level, quantum effects might tear the
fabric of spacetime, producing a structure involving wormholes. He speculated
that such wormholes could connect pairs of oppositely charged particles such
as electrons and positrons. Wheeler's hypothetical structure is sometimes
called the "quantum foam." Such wormholes may exist on a
macroscopic scale and, in some cases, rotating black holes may give rise to a
"tunnel" or shortcut to another region of spacetime. Physicist Fred Alan Wolf has implicitly suggested
(in a cartooned text called Space, Time and Beyond) that such
wormholes may provide the connections needed to explain psi phenomena over
long distances or temporal intervals.
Wolf,
himself, has become one of the most prolific and articulate writers
interpreting the complexities of theoretical physics to a general audience --
particularly those interested in psi and consciousness. His book, Parallel Universes, is probably the best popular
explanation of Everett and Wheeler's "many worlds" interpretation
of quantum mechanics. Multidimensional
Spacetime Multi-dimensional
models of spacetime have been proposed by physicist/psi researchers Russell Targ, Harold Puthoff and Edwin
May. They proposed that ordinary four-dimensional Minkowski
spacetime may be the "real" part of an eight-dimensional complex
spacetime., An
eight-dimensional models of spacetime to account for psi have also been
proposed by physicist Elizabeth Rauscher. She suggests that soliton waves in
a complex multidimensional space might serve as possible psi signals, as they
would be able to propagate over large "distances" with little attentuation. She asserts that signals that appear to be
superluminal in four-dimensional spacetime may be subluminal in
eight-dimensional spacetime. She also contends that the problem of causal
loops arising from backward causal chains need not arise in eight-dimensional
spacetime. Rauscher suggests that any space-time dependence that exists for
psi effects may be accounted for in terms of signal propagation velocities in
complex spacetime. However, it is not clear that Rauscher's theory can be
tested by this method unless some means of measuring the complex coordinates
are provided; otherwise, they simply constitute free parameters that may be
adjusted at will, rendering the theory incapable of falsification. A more
comprehensive and sophisticated hyperspace model, developed by Saul-Paul Sirag, is summarized in this section under the heading of
"unified field theories" and developed further in the
Appendix. The EPR
Effect and Bell's Theorem Recent
theoretical developments in quantum theory known as the EPR effect (named
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen's 1935 paper on the
quantum connection between spatially separated systems), now formulated in a
theorem by John S. Bell (called Bell's Theorem), allow for the an
instantaneous effect between any two places in the physical universe.,, There
is no violation of Einstein's theory of relativity because the effect does
not require the propagation of energetic signals. The confirmation of this
principle of nonlocality suggests that psi phenomena, if they exist, need not
be in conflict with the established laws of science. The
prejudice of classical causality says that an event can only be influenced by
other events that are in its past light cone. Events in the future light cone
and outside the light cone in the "absolute elsewhere" are said not
to influence the event of interest. Classical causality does work on the
statistical level in which we average our observations over sets of events.
Almost all of the measurements of atomic physics are adequately described by
the statistical limit of the quantum principle. However,
both general relativity and quantum theory in the form of Bell's theorem show
that classical causality is not correct in principle on the level of
individual events., Recent experiments by John Clauser
at U.C., Berkeley, and Alain Aspect at the University of Paris, show that
classical causality is violated for individual atomic events. (Local causes
operate within the velocity of light.) These experiments measure the
simultaneous arrival of two photons at spatially separated detectors., The
two photons originate from the same atom. Bell's theorem enables one to
calculate what the r`0d of simultaneous arrival should be if the statistical
predictions of quantum theory are correct. It also enables one to calculate
the rate of simultaneous arrival if physical reality is objective and locally
causal for the individual photons. The
experiments of Clauser and Aspect contradict the
rate of photon coincidences predicted on the basis of an objective and
locally causal reality. The measured rate agrees with the prediction of
ordinary quantum theory. This means that physical reality either is not
subject to the principle of local causation or does not objectively exist
independent of the observers who participate in its creation. Bell's
Theorem and the related experiments may have importance for the understanding
of personal human experience. The human brain stores and processes its
information at the level of single organic molecules and is a single
macroscopic quantum system. Acts of consciousness may be vie ed as
incorporating quantum events. The
illusion of the classical scientific paradigm that is shattered by the
quantum principle is the assumption that there is an immutable objective
reality "out there" that is totally independent of what happens in
consciousness "in here." Quantum theory forces a new kind of logic
in science that is still mathematical and disciplined. The Nobel prize
physicist Eugene Wigner of Princeton has repeatedly written that
consciousness is at the root of the quantum measurement problem. All
classical measurements, including classical measurements of quantum processes
of the type considered by Heisenberg in his "microscope" that leads
to the uncertainty principle, involve the actual flow of energy and momentum
in order to convey information. For example, Heisenberg reasons that the
position of an electron must be measured by means of a second particle, e.g.
a photon, that must collide with the electron in order to get the information
on the electron's position. The fact that action is quantized in units of
Planck's constant, h 10-27 erg-sec., implies uncontrollable minimal energy
and momentum transfers between photon and electron in the collision. The
result of Heisenberg's thought experiment is that it is impossible to predict
the simultaneous values of both the position and the momentum of the electron
with complete certainty. The only way to gain knowledge of the uncertainties
is to repeat the experiment many times under "identically prepared"
conditions. These kinds of classical measurements of quantum processes are
fundamentally statistical. Josephson
proposes that there may be another level of measurement that transcends the
limitations of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. He says that this
limitation is perhaps only a "reflection of the kinds of observation we
can make," and that "the physical description of the world would
change radically if we could observe more things." Einstein was also
firmly convinced that there was another way to knowledge, but his refusal to
accept the "telepathic" implications that he saw so clearly in his
EPR effect prevented him, like Moses, from seeing the promised land. Thus,
Einstein's Autobiographical Notes contain this remark about
the EPR effect: There is to be a system which
at the time t of our observation consists of two partial systems S1, and S2,
which at this time are spatially separated....If I make a complete
measurement of S1, I get from the results...an entirely definite Y-function
Y2 of the system S2. The character of Y2 then depends upon what kind of measurement
I undertake on S1....One can escape from this conclusion only by either
assuming that the measurement of S1 (telepathically) changes the real
situation of S2 or by denying independent real situations as such to things
which are spatially separated from eath other. Both
alternatives appear to me entirely unacceptable. It is very interesting to note
here that the Y function referred to by Einstein is the standard quantum
probability function, referring to the mathematical probabilities which
underly the subatomic interactions of the physical world (i.e., Schrodinger's
Wave Function). At least one physicist has commented on the possible
synchronicity that this physical term may be very relevant in the psi effect
of consciousness researchers. Physicists
have actually developed a number of possible conceptual strategies for
integrating the EPR effect and Bell's Theorem. Physicist Nick Herbert, in his
book Quantum Reality, describes eight possible interpretations: there is no
underlying reality; reality is created by observation; reality is an
undivided wholeness; there are actually many-worlds; the world obeys a
non-human kind of reasoning; the world is made of ordinary objects;
consciousness creates reality; unmeasured quantum reality exists only in potential.
Each of these interpretations poses its own paradoxes. Given Bell's Theorem
and the EPR effect, all of them must allow for non-local (or superluminal)
interactions.
The
Implicate Order The
nonlocal nature of the state vector collapse, as described above, suggests
that particles of matter are not accurately describable as separate,
localized entities. Rather seemingly isolated or separate particles may be
intimately connected with one another and must be seen as parts of a higher
unity. Physicist
David Bohm has referred to the universe as a "holomovement,"
invoking an analogy to a hologram (a three-dimensional photograph in which
the entire picture is contained in each part). Bohm has termed the world of
manifest appearances the "explicate order" and the hidden (nonlocal)
reality underlying it the "implicate order." He also proposes a new
mode of speaking, which he calls the rheomode, in which "thing" experessions would be replaced by "event"
expressions. In constrast with theories such as Evan Harris Walker's and
Saul-Paul Sirag's, the implicate order theory lacks
a specific mathematical formulation from which testable predictions may be
derived. On the other hand, the implicate order theory is consistent with and
provides a good philosophical underpinning for the testable observational
theories, such as those of Mattuck and Walker. Observational
Theories Physicist
Evan Harris Walker has put forth an observational theory that equates the
conscious mind with the "hidden variables" of quantum theory.
Walker
notes that, due to the necessarily nonlocal nature of such hidden variables,
quantum state collapse by the observer should be independent of space and
time; hence, psi phenomena such as telepathy should be independent of
space-time separation. Noting
that the conventional view in physics is to deny that the paradoxes of
quantum mechanics have implications beyond the mathematical formalisms,
Walker defines his theory: The measurement problem in
Quantum Mechanics has existed virtually from the inception of quantum theory.
It has engendered a thousand scientific papers in fruitless efforts to
resolve the problem. One of the central features of the controversy has been
the argument that characteristics of QM imply that an observer's thoughts can
affect an objective apparatus directly, which in turn implies the reality not
only of consciousness but of psi phenomena. I have written several papers
saying that such a feature of QM is not a fault, but rather represents a
solution to problems that go beyond the usual perview
of physics. Thus, I have developed a theory of consciousness and psi
phenomena that arises directly from these bizarre findings in QM, findings
now supported by specific tests of the principles of objective reality and/or
Einstein locality. Walker specifies channel
capacities for various "regions" of mental activity. He calculates
the rate for "dataprocessing of the brain as a
whole at a subconscious level" (S) to be euqal
to 2.4 x 1012 bits/sec. The data rate for conscious activity (C) is equal to
7.5 x 108 bits/sec, and the channel capacity of the "will" (W) is
equal to 6 x 104 bits/sec. Walker's
derivation of the above rates is based on the assumption that electron
tunneling across synapses is the basis for the transmission of impulses
across synapses and that the large-scale integration of brain activity is
also mediated by electron tunneling. Copenhagen
physicist Richard Mattuck has proposed an
observational theory which builds on the work of both Helmut Schmidt and Evan
Harris Walker. He asserts that PK results from the restructuring of thermal
noise through the action of mind, involving a decrease in entropy. His
hypothesis is "not of the 'Maxwell demon' type" as "it does nK� operate by selection of states of individual
molecules, but rather by the selection of macroscopic pure states."
Using the example of a moving ball, Mattuck notes
that, as its velocity is distributed about its current mean due to thermal
noise, an observer can select increasingly higher velocity states. This
selection may be made in steps, resulting in possible incremental increase in
velocity by the ball. Unified
Field Theory and Consciousness A
hyperspace model of consciousness has been developed by interdisciplinary
scholar Saul-Paul Sirag, at the Institute for the
Study of Consciousness in Berkeley and San Francisco's Parapsychology
Research Group.
Further
details of Sirag's work-in-progress are presented
in the Appendix. In my estimation, this work (while incomplete) represents
the most advanced model available linking consciousness at a deep level with
physical reality. I have been closely associated with Sirag
since before he began this work in 1974, when he was a research associate at
the Institute for the Study of Consciousness (ISC) in Berkeley. Frankly,
after years of detailed discussions with him, I still find it very difficult
to comprehend his model. I have included it as an Appendix to the revised edition
because I believe that Sirag may well be speaking
the language of the future in consciousness research. Here is the story of
the development of Sirag's approach: Arthur
Young, the founder of the Institute (whose own "reflexive universe"
model is presented next this this section), asked Sirag
to work out the algebraic group structure of the rotations of the
tetrahedron. Young also encouraged Sirag to study
the works of Sir Arthur Eddington, the physicist who was famous for producing
a nearly incomprehensible unified field theory, which purportedly unified
gravity and electromagnetism as well as general relativity and quantum
mechanics.
The key
to this unification was also group theory. Sirag
was impressed by the fact that, although Eddington's work had been neglected
for decades, the central importance of group theory for unified field theory
had become established by recent physics. Eddington's
unification was based upon the 4-element group called the Klein group K4.
Eddington thought of this group as describing the structure of the most
elemental measurement: seeing whether or not two rigid rods are the same
length. He regarded group theory as the solution to the mind-matter duality
problem. His solution can be stated in this way: insofar as as the mind can know matter, it has a group structure
isomorphic to that of matter. Eddington's
"structuralist" approach found support from an unexpected quarter
for Sirag when he came upon Piaget's work on the
structure of the acquisiton of knowledge by
children. Eddington had declared K4 to be the primary group structure of the
acquisition of physical knowledge by professional physicists because of his
use of K4 to describe the fundamental structure of measurement. Piaget found,
by testing children in precisely contrived situations, that K4 was also the
basic structure of children's acquisition of physical knowledge. Piaget's
names for the four elements of K4 are well known: identify, negation,
collaterality and reciprocity. The
problem, for Sirag, was that K4 as a mathematical
group structure did not offer sufficient complexity to capture the richness
of theoretical physics since the time of Eddington. He assumed that there had
to be a much larger group structure. He was intrigued with the possibility
that a larger, finite group structure called S4 (with subgroup K4) was the
right path to unification of mind and matter. This idea took many years to
mature. In
1977, Sirag published a short piece in the
prestigious British science magazine, Nature, that was both a
criticism of and a tribute to Eddington's mass ratio derivation. Sirag was very impressed by Eddington's use of
epistemological principles as a clue to unify gravity and electromagnetism,
and his attempt to account for the fundamental pure numbers in physics by
purely epistemological reasoning. Eddington's program was too ambitious to be
carried out directly, Sirag thought, so as a kind
of half-way measure, he tried to reduce the number of pure numbers to be
accounted for by judicious combinatorial reasoning. This kind of reasoning
led to a rather extensive paper, "Physical Constants as Cosmological
Constraints" published in 1983. In this
paper Sirag showed that the physical constants
determine the large-scale structure of the universe in such a way that the
present-day scale factor -- the "radius" can be calculated, as well
as the age and the density, and various other cosmological properties. Sirag hypothesized the age of the universe to be 32
billion years. This differs markedly from the usual statements of 10-20
billion yars. These numbers are really based on the
measurement of Hubble's constant which Sirag has
calculated as 15 kilometers per second per megaparsec (which implies a closed
universe), while the usual "measurement" is 50-100 in the same
units, implying an open universe. Presumably the Hubble telescope (due to be
lofted in 1990) will settle the issue. (Should Sirag's
predictions prove correct, he could be considered a possible Nobel Prize
candidate.) Additionally
Sirag presented a finite-group-algebra unification
model in January 1982 at the American Physical Society meeting in San
Francisco under the title, "Why There are Three Fermion Families."
This work is particularly significant as physicists have recently confirmed
that there are indeed exactly three families of sub-atomic matter particles,
as Sirag had predicted. An Associated Press article
on the discovery quotes Nobel Laureate physicist Burton Richter, Director of
the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, as saying that the major mystery
remaining is "why God chose three families instead of one or nine or
47." Burton had apparently not read Sirag's
paper, as this precisely the issue Sirag has
addressed. In his
various published works, Sirag claims to have
developed new solutions for some of the most fundamental problems in all of
science: the age and size of the universe and the number of basic subatomic
building blocks. The predictions which he has made in these areas stand to be
either confirmed or refuted in the coming decades. It is from this
theoretical work that his mathematical theory of consciousness has emerged.
While models of consciousness are far more difficult to verify or falsify
than models of the physical universe, the logic of developing a model of consciousenss from advanced views of physical reality is
quite compelling. Whether or not Sirag's particular
models are confirmed, it seems possible that a successful
physical-mathematical solution to the mind-matter problem may eventually
develop from the type of ambitious program which Sirag
has developed. Sirag's model of consciousness, as presented in the
Appendix, could be called a Pythagorean approach to consciousness, since Sirag's strategy is to look to mathematics for an
appropriate structure to describe the relationship between consciousness and
the physical world. He finds that unified field theories of the physical
forces depend fundamentally on mathematical structures called reflection
spaces, which are heierarchically organized in such
a way that an infinite spectrum of realities is naturally suggested. This
situation is natural because mathematicians have discovered that the
hierarchical organization of reflection spaces also corresponds to the
organization of many other mathematical objects -- e.g. catastrophies,
singularities, wave fronts, and contact structures, error correcting codes,
sphere packing lattices, and, perhaps most surprisingly, certain regular
geometric figures including the Platonic solids. It is
generally believed by physicists working on unified field theory that
space-time is hyperdimensional, with all but four of the dimensions being
invisible. The reason for this invisibility is a major subject of reseach. Beside space-time dimensions, there are also
other internal (or invisible) dimensions called gauge dimensions. The reality
of these gauge dimensions is also a topic of controversy and research. In Sirag's view both the extra space-time dimensions and the
gauge dimensions are real. This provides scope for considering ordinary
reality a substructure within a hyperdimensional reality. This idea has, of
course, been suggested before -- e.g. it is implicit in the Cave Parable of
Plato. The difference in Sirag's approach is that
the structure of the hyperspace is defined directly by the properties of
physical forces. A
further innovation in Sirag's approach is that his
version of unified field theory embeds both spacetime and guage
space in an algebra whose basis is a finite group. This group, which directly
models certain symmetries of particle physics, is a symmetry group of one of
the Platonic solids -- the octehedron. Thus it is a
mathematical entity contained in the reflection space hierarchy. In fact the
reflection space corresponding to the octehedron is
seven-dimensional and is also a superstring-type reflection space, so that a
link with the most popular version of unified field theory is provided. The
central postulate of Sirag's paper is that this
seven-dimensional reflection space is a universal consciousness, and that invidivual consciousnesses tap into this universal
consciousness. This implies that the high level of consciousness enjoyed by hu$ans is due to the complex network of connections to
the underlying reflection space afforded by a highly evolved brain. Moreover,
the hierarchy of reflection spaces suggests a hierarchy of realms (or states)
of consciousness. Each realm would correspond to a different unified field
theory with different sets of forces. In fact, the seven-dimensional
reflection space is contained in an eight-dimensional reflection space, and
contains a six-dimensional reflection space, so that there would be a realm
of consciousness directly "above" ordinary reality, and a realm of
consciousness directly "below" ordinary reality. In principle the
relationship between the different forces in these different realms could be
worked out in detail, so that precise predictions could be made. Sirag believes that this hierarchy of realms of
consciousness is analagous to the spectrum of light
discovered in 1864 by James Clerk Maxwell in his electromagnetic theory of light,
which unified the forces of electricity and magnetism. Maxwell had no way of
directly testing his theory, which proposed the reality of frequencies of
light both higher and lower than that of ordinary light. He boldly proposed
the existence of invisible light, simply because his equations contained the
higher and lower frequencies. Similarly,
in the unification of all the forces, we can expect something new to be
described, which could be the analog of light. Sirag
proposes that this new thing be consciousness, and that since the mathematics
of the unification gives reflection space a central role, the hierarchy of
reflection spaces suggests a hierarchy of realms of consciousness. Evaluating
Implications of the New Physics One of
the most fundamental developments in the past two decades has been the
experimental confirmations of the principle of nonlocality in quantum
mechanics and the realization of the importance of that principle for a
theory of psi phenomena. If nothing else, this breakthrough strongly suggests
that psi phenomena, if they exist, need not be in conflict with established
laws of science. At
present, theories regarding psi are somewhat premature for two reasons. We
still lack a reliable data base and repeatable psi effects upon which a
theory might be constructed and refined. We also lack a comprehensive theory
of consciousness itself, upon which a theory of psi must, inevitably, be
built. Thus many of the theories discussed represent mere presentations of
"theoretical environments" in which more testable theories might be
constructed. Sirag's "work in progress"
as presented in the Appendix represents the beginnings of a venture which, if
successful, will run a course of many generations. A note
of caution may be appropriate at this point. While I have been focusing on
the relationship between physics and consciousness, this is only a short step
from the issue of physics and mysticism. It is in this realm that many
physicists themselves, as well as scholars of mysticism, feel that physics
can have little to say. Ken Wilbur, for example, firmly maintains that the
attempt to prove the reality of mystical experience by resorting to
scientific arguments does a great injustice to genuine mysticism which is
self-supporting and timeless. Whereas scientific theories are in constant
flux. This is an important point, however, it is also premature to assume
that physics will never develop permanent and complete answers. After all,
physics is based upon mathematics, and that field does seem to have developed
some permanent solutions. References .
Gertrude R. Schmeidler, "Respice,
Adspice and Prospice,"
in W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris & J. D. Morris (eds.), Proceedings of
the Parapsychological Association, No. 8, 1971. Durham, NC:
Parapsychological Association, 1972. . John
Archibald Wheeler, Geometrodynamics. New
York: Academic Press, 1962. . Bob Toben & Fred Alan Wolf, Space-Time and Beyond.
New York: Bantam Books, 1982. . Fred
Alan Wolf, The Body Quantum. New York: Macmillan, 1986. . Fred
Alan Wolf, Star Wave: Mind, Consciousness, and Quantum Physics.
New York: Macmillan, 1984. . Fred
Alan Wolf, "Trans-World I-ness: Quantum Physics and the Enlightened
Condition," in Humor Suddenly Returns: Essays on the Spiritual
Teaching of Master Da Free John. Clearlake, CA: Dawnhorse
Press, 1984. . Fred
Alan Wolf, "The Quantum Physics of Consciousness: Towards a New
Psychology," Integrative Psychiatry, 3(4), December 1985,
236. . Fred
Alan Wolf, Parallel Universes. New York: Simon & Schuster,
1988. .
Russell Targ, Harold E. Puthoff
& Edwin C. May, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," in C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff,
& R. Targ (eds.), Mind At Large.
New York: Praeger, 1979, pp. 78-106. The authors state this work was in
conjunction with physicist Gerald Feinberg -- who is well-known for his
postulation of the existence of tachyons, particles that travel faster than
light. .
Physicist Evan Harris Walker ("Review of Mind At Large," Journal
of Parapsychology, 45, 1981, 184-191) has observed, however, that if we
retain the inverse-square law for gravity, the effect of four extra
dimensions on planetary trajectories should have been observed. .
Elizabeth A. Rauscher, "Some Physical Models Potentially Applicable to
Remote Perception," in A. Puharich
(ed.), The Iceland Papers. Amherst, WI: Essentia: 1979. pp.
50-93. .
Elizabeth A. Rauscher, "The Physics of Psi Phenomena in Space and Time.
Part I. Major Principles of Physics, Psychic Phenomena, and Some Physical
Models," Psi Research, 2(2), 1983, 64-88. .
Elizabeth A. Rauscher, "The Physics of Psi Phenomena in Space and Time.
Part II. Multidimensional Geographic Models," Psi Research,
2(3), 1983, 93-120. . C.
Ramon & Elizabeth A. Rauscher, "Superluminal Transformations in
Complex Minkowski Spaces," Foundations
of Physics, 10, 1980, 661-669. . John
S. Bell, "On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen
Paradox," Physics, 1(3), 1964, 195-200. . Nick
Herbert, "Crytographic approach to hidden variables," American
Journal of Physics, Vol. 43, No. 4, April 1975, pp. 315-316. This paper
presents a proof of Bell's theorem by considering error rates in binary
message sequences. It also speculates about the possibility of
faster-than-light signaling. . Nick
Herbert, Faster Than Light. New York: New American Library, 1988. . J. S.
Bell, Nature, 248, March 22, 1974, 297. . S. D.
Drell, "Electron-Positron Annihilation and the
New Particles," Scientific American, June 1975. . John
F. Clauser & Abner Shimony,
"Bell's Theorem: Experimental Tests and Implications," Reports
on Progress in Physics, 41, 1978, 1881. . Alain
Aspect, Jean Dalibard & Gerard Roger,
"Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time-varying
Analyzers," Physical Review Letters, 49, 1982, 1804. . E.
Wigner, Symmetries and Reflections. Indiana University,
1967, and Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press paperback edition, 1970. . Brian
Josephson, "Possible Connections Between Psychic Phenomena and Quantum
Mechanics," New Horizons, January 1975, 224-226. . P.A. Schilpp, Albert Einstein Philosopher Scientist.
New York: Harper Torchbook, 1959. p. 85. Einstein
uses the German word "telepathisch" in
the original version. . I. J.
Good, "Speculations Concerning Precognition," in I. J. Good (ed.), The
Scientist Speculates. New York: Basic Books, 1962, pp. 151-157. . Nick
Herbert, Quantum Reality. New York: Doubleday, 1985. . David
Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1980. . Evan
Harris Walker, "Foundations of Paraphysical and Parapsychological
Phenomena," in L. Oteri (ed.), Quantum Physics and
Parapsychology. New York: Parapsychology Foundation, 1975, pp. 1-53. . Evan
Harris Walker, "A Review of CritAcisms of the
Quantum Mechanical Theory of Psi Phenomena," Journal of
Parapsychology, 48, 1984, 277-332. . Evan
Harris Walker, "Measurement in Quantum Physics Revisited: A Response to
Phillips' Criticism of the Quantum Mechanical Theory of Psi," Journal
of the American Society for Psychical Research, October 1987, 81(4),
333-369. .
Richard D. Mattuck, "Random Fluctuation Theory
of Psychokinesis: Thermal Noise Model," in J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll
& R. L. Morris (eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1976.
Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977, pp. 191-195. .
Richard D. Mattuck, "A Model of the
Interaction Between Consciousness and Matter using Bohm-Bub Hidden
Variables," in W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris, & R. A. White (eds.), Research
in Parapsychology 1981. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1982, pp. 146-147. .
Saul-Paul Sirag, "A Combinatorial Derivation
of the Proton-Electron Mass Ratio." Nature, 268, July 7,
1977, 254. .
Saul-Paul Sirag, "Physical Constants as
Cosmological Constraints," International Journal of Theoretical
Physics, 22, 1983, 1067-1089. .
Saul-Paul Sirag, "Why There Are Three Fermion
Families," Bulletin of the American Physics Society, 27(1),
1982, 31. . G.
Abrams, et al., "Initial Measurements of the Z Boson Resonance, Physical
Review Letters, 63(7), August 14, 1989, 724-727. .
"Experts Focus on the Birth of the Universe," San Francisco
Examiner, October 13, 1989, p. 2. .
Douglas M. Stokes, "Theoretical Parapsychology," in Stanley
Krippner (ed.), Advances in Parapsychological Research, Vol. 5.
Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1987. . Ken
Wilbur, "Introduction," in K. Wilbur (ed.), Quantum
Questions: Mystical Writings of the World's Great Physicists. Boston:
Shambhala, 1984. |
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The
Reflexive Universe https://web.archive.org/web/20170919150034/http://www.williamjames.com/Theory/REFLEXIV.htm I feel
fortunate that one of my mentors has been Arthur M. Young, an iconoclastic
genius who invented the first, commercially licensed helicopter and later
became a philosopher of cosmology and process theory.
Many
thousands of lives have been saved as a result of his revolutionary
invention. Yet, the helicopter was only a tangible by-product of Young's
deeper, lifelong search for a philosophy that could integrate human
consciousness with the physical, biological, and social sciences. This is a
far bolder endeavor than the search for a grand unified field theory in
physics. It is a project whose completion may well take many generations,
perhaps even millenia. I believe that Arthur
Young's models stand as landmarks along this great journey. Young's
work cannot be considered a theory in the strict scientific sense. It is
larger than a theory; it is a model of reality that goes beyond science. The
potential value of such a worldview, paradigm or model for the scientific
endeavor is heuristic: it suggests new avenues of inquiry. In this sense,
Young's approach has been an inspiration to a generation of scholars working
on the leading edge of conscioiusness exploration
-- including Kenneth Pelletier, Stanislav Grof, Saul-Paul
Sirag and Frank Barr. As an
anchor point for understanding Young's cosmology, we can begin with the
formula for the volume of the Einstein-Eddington Universe, the boundary
region of what physicists call the hypersphere. It is 2p2r3. This is also the
formula for the volume of a torus (donut) with an infinitely small hole. It
is in the torus topology that Young sees a possible answer to the
philosophical problem of the individual (or part, or microcosm) versus the
collective (or whole, or macrocosm). in a toroidal universe, a part can be
seemingly separate and yet connected with the rest. If we
think of the fence in the diagram below as separating the inner from the
outer, the torus provides a paradigm that permits us to see a monad as both
separate from the rest of the universe by the fence-and still connected to
everything else through the core. The core of the torus, with its infinitely
small hole, is for Young a representation of inner consciousness.
Young
points out that magnetic fields, vortices and tornados all have the toroidal
form. The vortex is, in fact, the only manner in which a fluid can move on
itself. Thus it is a very suitable shape for the universe to have. We must,
however, bear in mind that the volume of the torus is three dimensional and
is kin to the surface of the four-dimensional hypersphere of Einstein and
Eddington. Suppose
you had to draw a map on the surface of a torus so that all of the bordering
countries would be distinguished by differences in color. On an ordinary
surface, say a plane or sphere, such a map would require no more than four
colors. The sphere (4/3pr3) to Young is analogous to structure in the
universe. Later we shall show how a "cycle of action" divides the
sphere from the torus which is, in Young's scheme, analogous to universal
process. It requires seven different colors to create a map on the surface of
a torus. Therefore, Young reasoned, there might be seven stages to process
just as there is a fourfold division to structure. This
inspiration is affirmed somewhat by ancient myths and cosmogonies. The Hindu,
Zoroastrian, Japanese and Genesis creation myths all describe a seven-stage
process. There are also seven rows to the periodic table of elements. Taking
these cues, Young divided all of nature into seven stages of process or
evolution. The diagram below illustrates the seven kingdoms of Young's
"reflexive universe" arranged in an arc, on four levels according
to their relative degrees of uncertainty:
This
chart symbolizes the mythological descent of spirit into matter and the
corresponding ascent of matter into spirit. The greatest amount of constraint
and symmetry occurs in the molecules' crystalline structure. This kingdom is
most subject to science's deterministic laws, and thus is most predictable.
Both atoms and plants possess radial or two dimensional symmetry. They have
two degrees of constraint and one degree of freedom, which constitutes their
ability to store and release energy, within certain boundaries, without any
specified prompting from without. Animals have bilateral symmetry along one
dimension. Young believes that electrons and protons also possess symmetry
along one dimension. The
experiments of Lee and Yang, who discovered that chirality, or
"handedness," characterizes nuclear particle reactions, suggests
this possibility. Young points out that "handedness" requires
bilateral symmetry. Heisenberg's principle states that we are uncertain of
the position and the momentum of the nuclear particle. Young states that this
principle applies to the animal as well. Thus both nuclear particles and
animals possess one degree of constraint and two degrees of freedom. The
first kingdom, which Young refers to as light (or action), and the seventh
kingdom, of which humanity is a part, theoretically possess complete
asymmetry and complete freedom. A photon released at a certain point could be
anywhere within a radius of 186,000 miles a second later. Furthermore, since
observation annihilates a photon, it cannot be predicted. Although light has no
rest mass, when it is annihilated it can create electrons and protons which
do have mass. It has no charge, yet the particles it creates do. In fact, for
a pulse of light, time does not exist. Clocks stop at the speed of light.
Thus mass, energy, and time are born when the photon condenses into a
particle. This is the first step in the process that engenders the universe. Young
regards action as the primary constituent of the universe, and other measures
such as force (including gravity), energy and even time as derived parts of a
whole which manifests as action. He also introduces the notion of purpose or
intention into his scheme. The principle of least action is that light always
follows the precise path that gets it to its destination in the shortest possible
time. Planck himself observed that this principle expresses, "an
explicitly teleological character." Thus the photons which
constitute a ray of light behave like intelligent human beings: Out of all
the possible curves they always select the one which will take them most
quickly to their goal. Leibnitz, who discovered this
principle, believed himself to have found evidence for an ubiquitous higher
reason ruling all of nature. This characterization of light is the one
exception to the excluion of purpose from science.
Purpose, associated with the quantum of action, becomes the keynote of Arthur
Young's theory. He draws on a rich, although often discarded, tradition in
science and philosophy. ...as Whitehead pointed out in
his Function of Reason: "Scientists, animated by the purpose of proving
they are purposeless, constitute an interesting subject for study." Young points out that 2ph is
the quantum of uncertainty. Thus we have a fundamental relationship between
purpose and uncertainty, confirmed by the fact that h contains an angle, 2p,
which according to Eddington (the physicist from whom Young derives the
greatest inspiration), is a phase dimension. For Young, the 2p represents
choice. Uncertainty then is not so much a limitation upon science as the positive
introduction of purpose and choice and therefore free will. Essentially
then, a light pulse is a piece of uncertainty, and it is possible to account
for the chain of effects that it can produce. If it is of a high frequency,
it can become a nuclear particle, a proton, or an electron. Some uncertainty
will become mass (or certainty). Another step combines nuclear particles into
atoms with a further loss of uncertainty, followed by still more at the
molecular stage. Nevertheless there still remains enough uncertainty and
choice of timing (phase dimension 2p) in certain large molecules, within
narrow temperature ranges, to extract energy from the environment and build
organizations that emerge as life. Referring
to Young's "grid," one notices each of the seven kingdoms is
divided into seven substages.
The
turning point of the arc is the middle of the fourth substage of the
molecular, or fourth, kingdom. The fifth substage of the molecular kingdom
represents the non-functional (covalently bonded) polymers such as cellulose,
celluloid, rayon, nylon, dacron, etc. Young
maintains that the distinguishing properties of these polymers is that they
grow, like cells, in chains or series of links. The growth of polymers
reflects an ability to store order -- to drain energy from the environment.
This is an example of negative entropy and a prelude to the living kingdoms
which follow the turn of the arc. This
turn marks the beginning of consciousness in Young's theory -- although
clearly not anthropomorphic consciousness. The amount of indeterminacy here
is very small indeed, but it is such that it enables the molecule to use the
laws of determinism to build more complex structures and processes with even
greater freedom. The 90ø turn in the arc is a change in direction that
symbolizes this freedom. Thus the uncertainty which is unconscious on the
left side of the arc achieves ever greater degrees of voluntary control on
the right side of the arc. Selfcontrol, as such, is
generally not recognized in classical physics. But, as was shown in the
astrology section, Young assigned to it the measure formula T3, the third
derivative of position which is equivalent to the rate of change in
acceleration. A
logically elegant feature in Young's scheme is the way basic characteristics
of each of the seven kingdoms or stages (see the notated keywords on the
grid) apply in an analagous fashion to the
corresponding seven substages within each stage. Thus the chain polymers in
the fifth substage of the molecular kingdom have the property of growth
referred to above which is characteristic of the fifth or plant kingdom.
Furthermore plants often consist of the polymers cellulose and lignin; so the
fifth stage growth involves the fifth substage chemical. The ionic bonding in
the second substage of the molecular kingdom is characterized by the binding
potential of the sub-atomic particles of the second kingdom. And, in fact,
these particles are actively involved in ionic bonding. A third example is
the principle of mobility that manifests in the sixth substage of the
molecular kingdom, via the stretching proteins -- actin and myosm, as well as in the sixth kingdom of animals. Actin
and myosin are involved in the muscular movements of animals. Numerous
examples are evident throughout the grid. One of
the major characteristics of the fifth substage of the animal kingdom is a
hierarchical series of organs from the head to the tail, through a segmented
structure. The earthworm is a typical example. This segmented organization
occurs in the fifth substage of the molecular and plant kingdoms as well. In
the sixth substages of these kingdoms, the structural property involves side
chains attached to the main segmented structure. This is evidenced in protein
amino and side chains, the branches of gymnosperms, and the jointed feelers
and antennae of arthropods. While
recognizing the importance of DNA genetic material in the organization of
intercellular structure, Young shares the doubt previously expressed that the
DNA code can account for the hierarchy and diversity of organs. Furthermore
he thinks animal instinct cannot be explained by DNA. To account for this
type of extra-cellular organization, he postulates an organizing field. Young
suggests that the corresponding organizing principle in the fifth substage of
human beings (genus) is related to the awakened kundalini concept of the
yogis. References . In
fact, Beyond Science, is the name of a television series,
produced by Arthur Bloch, based on the work of Arthur Young. .
Action has the measure formula Mass x Length2/Time and is always an integral
multiple of h, Planck's constant (in MKS units, 6.63 x 10-34 Joule-seconds).
The smallest whole unit of action is equivalent to h, which is the quantum.
While energy is proportional to frequency, action is a constant of the
proportion between energy and frequency (E=hv) and comes in wholes. Gravity,
the strong force, and the weak force can all be expressed in terms of action. . Max
Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, trans by Frank
Gaynor. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949, p. 178. Quoted by Arthur Young
in The Reflexive Universe, New York: Delacorte, 1975. .
Alfred North Whitehead, The Function of Reason. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1929. Quoted by Arthur Young in The
Reflexive Universe. .
Arthur M. Young, The Reflexive Universe. |
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The Biological
Perspective In the
Introduction, I discussed the evolution of organized matter from the photon
through particles, atoms and molecules to living cells which begin to
differentiate in structure and function forming a wide variety of tissues and
organs that play a specialized function in the human body. It is reasonable
to assume all these levels of organization including the whole human being
play a role in shaping consciousness. Particularly important are the nervous
system, comprising brain and spinal cord, and the endocrine system,
comprising a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. Many biological scientists today implicitly believe that these
structures not only shape consciousness, but are actually the source of conscious
awareness. This view is known as the biological identity theory. The
Nervous System Neuron
cells are the principle units of the nervous system. Their function is to
conduct nerve impulses transmitting information. The twelve billion neurons
in our bodies vary greatly in size and shape; however they all have two
general parts: a cell body and fibers. The cell body contains structures that
keep the neuron alive and properly functioning. The neural fibers are of two
classes: dendrites stimulated by neighboring neurons or physical stimuli; and
axons, which transmit impulses to other neurons or to an effector, such as a
muscle or gland. The
process by which pulses transmit across the neural membrane is
electrochemical. The pulses are caused by rapid and reversible changes in the
permeability of the membrane to certain ions. The resulting flows of ions
across the membrane give rise to electrical impulses, which can be detected
and recorded with various instruments. The size of the nerve impulses and the
speed with which they travel are unique to each particular neuron and do not
relate to the strength of the stimuli that initiated them. Firing thresholds
will vary with time from neuron to neuron depending on many factors; however
once the threshold is reached, the electrochemical changes that cause the
impulse proceed to completion. Therefore, information about any stimulus is carried
by (1) the frequency of nerve firing and (2) by the number of particular
fibers carrying impulses, and not by the strength of any single impulse.
This, incidentally, is the same on-off principle by which information is
coded in a digital computer. Some nerves transmit as many as 1000 impulses
each second.
Neurons
are stimulated to fire by either sensory receptors or other neurons. Nerve
impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a
muscle or gland across an important gap known as a synapse. The whole region
including the bouton on the end of the axon on one neuron, the gap, and the
post-synaptic membrane of the adjoining cell, can be called the synaptic
region (the circled area in the multi-polar neuron photograph). Information
is transmitted across the synaptic gap by enzymes delicately released from
little spheres in the bouton called vesicles. The information is received at
the postsynaptic membrane, which is generally either excited or inhibited by
these chemicals depending again on many factors, such as the particular
combination of enzymes transmitted across the synapse or the interaction with
the electro-magnetic environment around the body. If the
post-synaptic membrane is stimulated by an inhibiting neurotransmitter its
firing threshold will become higher. An excitatory neurotransmitter will
lower the firing threshold of a given neuron, causing it to fire more often.
The actual firing threshold of a neuron is variable and is often determined
by the combined influence of hundreds of synapses.
Thus
the synaptic aspect of neural transmission is not an all or none affair, and
may be thought of as the analog or continuous aspect of the human
bio-computer. Some nerves actually loop back upon themselves to form reverbrating circuits which may be the neural basis for
memory storage. The
nervous system itself is quite complex and may be divided into several
different structures. The
peripheral nervous system comprises those neurons or parts of neurons that
lie outside the bony case formed by the skull and the spine. The somatic
nerves of this system mediate the sensory inputs and muscle movements that we
are consciously aware of during waking hours. The
autonomic part of the peripheral system regulates many functions--such as the
heart rate, blood pressure, endocrine and digestive processes of which we are
not normally conscious, but which can be brought under conscious control
through bio-feedback and yoga techniques. The sympathetic aspect of the
autonomic system generally comes into play when we experience strong
emotions, while the parasympathetic system tends to be active when we are
calm and relaxed. The cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system, as well as
of the sensory nerves of the somatic system, gather together in ganglia alongside
the spinal column, and at other points in the body. The cell bodies of
somatic motor-nerve fibers, however, are located inside the central nervous
system. The
central nervous system is organized into two principle parts, the spinal cord
and the brain. The spinal cord serves as a conduction path to and from the
brain and also as an organ for effecting reflex action. The brain seems to
play an important role in all the complex activities constituting
consciousness -- thinking, perception, learning, memory, etc. The three main
structures of the brain are known as the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the
forebrain.
Within
the hindbrain lie the cerebellum, the pons, and medulla. These neural centers
regulate breathing, heartbeat, motor coordination, posture, and balance. They
are also involved in mediating nerve impulses from the body to the higher
brain centers. The
midbrain contains numerous nerve fiber tracts and neural centers regulating
body changes in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The
forebrain has reached its greatest development in humans and other highly
evolved animals, such as porpoises. It comprises the cerebrum, which is
covered by the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and a group of closely related structures
forming the limbic system. These parts of the brain mediate our inner mental
and emotional processes. The
sensations in your mind are mapped out on the cerebral cortex of your brain,
which mediates your conscious sensory and motor functions, as well as complex
perceptual processes.
One
method of researching cerebral functioning has been to electrically stimulate
the exposed cortex of human subjects, under local anesthesia, who could then
report on their experiences. By stimulating certain areas various types of
sensations, movements and thought patterns can be evoked. Another method of
research is to observe the functioning of individuals who have had portions
of their brain removed or damaged. Especially in the case of young children,
removing a portion of the brain does not seem to impair the functioning ofthe mind. One
important line of research has indicated the two hemispheres of the cerebral
cortex function differently. The speech areas of the human cortex are almost
always located on the left hemisphere, regardless of whether the person is
right or left handed. Several researchers have suggested that the mind's
logical and linear functions are associated with the left hemisphere; while
the more kinesthetic, pre-verbal, intuitive properties of consciousness
derive from the right hemisphere. The particular functions each hemisphere
assumes may vary with different individuals. However, the capacity for two
uniquely different modes of consciousness within each individual seems
well-established. Important differences also seem to exist between the
intellectual cortex and other deeper, emotional layers of the forebrain. Those
parts of the brain most attuned to the body's needs and emotional states are
the limbic system and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a bundle of nerve
bodies, about the size of a peanut, located just above the roof of the mouth.
It contains several centers that mediate the excitement and inhibition of the
hunger, thirst, and sexual drives, as well as emotional arousal. The activity
of these centers is in turn regulated by such factors as hormones in the
blood and signals from other parts of the brain, including the cortex.
Certain areas in the hypothalamus and limbic system, when stimulated, can be
a source of enormous pleasure for the body. In
conjunction with the reticular activating system, the hypothalamus is also
involved in the mediation of sleep and arousal states. By
attaching electrodes to the skin of the head, psychologists are able to
measure the electrical activity of the brain as a whole. Brain waves thus
measured can generally be correlated with different states of consciousness
ranging trom the alert waking state, to drowsiness,
hypnagogic imagery, meditation, sleep, and dreaming. Individuals can learn to
control their brain waves, and also their internal states of consciousness
through techniques providing them with immediate feedback on their
physiological state. Researchers suggest there may be no biological functions
that cannot be brought under conscious control in this fashion. Many
individuals are able to develop this control through simple techniques of
yoga, hypnosis, and meditation. The
Endocrine System
The
endocrine system, which comprises glands secreting powerful hormones into the
bloodstream, is one of the most interesting areas of autonomic functioning.
Our personality and character is profoundly effected by our hormone balance.
The major endocrine glands are the pituitary and pineal glands in the brain,
the thyroid and parathyroids in the throat, the thymus gland located near the
heart, the adrenal glands, and the sexual glands. To a lesser degree, other
parts of the body, including neurons, also secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. The endocrine system is self-regulating in that hormone
secretion from any gland is activated in part by other hormones in the
bloodstream. The hypothalamus also plays an important role in stimulating
certain hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The
pituitary is often called the "master gland" because it secretes a
number of hormones that stimulate or inhibit secretion in the other glands of
the body. It also produces hormones that regulate the growth rate of children
and awaken the sexual glands at puberty. The
pineal gland produces several substances including a hormone known as
5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin.
Serotonin
is of the same chemical series of indole alkaloids that includes psychedelic
drugs such as LSD-25, psilocybin, D.M.T. and bufotenine.
The
exact mechanism by which serotonin might effect consciousness or behavior is
not well understood by scientists today. Research findings are paradoxical as
serotonin is known to affect different parts of the body and brain in
different ways, depending on the proportions and combinations of other
hormones and enzymes present during the interaction. Generally speaking
serotonin is recognized as a neural inhibitor in the brain. The stores of
serotonin in the brain are depleted by reserpine, a tranquilizer, and
augmented by iproniazid, a mood elevator. Large amounts are present in the
limbic system and the hypothalamus. Smaller concentrations occur in the
cortex and the cerebellum. Ablation of the nerve network in the brain called
the raphe system, which contains considerable amounts of serotonin, is known
to produce permanent insomnia. The ingestion of serotonin is unlikely to
effect the central nervous system as it does not cross the blood-brain
barrier. If it did, its main result would be to put one to sleep. Most of the
serotonin in the brain is in the reticular activating system where it plays
an important role in the sleep-wake cycle. When serotonin levels in the r.a.s. rise, the brain goes into deep sleep. Other
studies have shown greatly increased amounts of serotonin in the brains of
psychotic patients. According to biologist John Bleibtrau,
"Bananas and plums abound in serotonin; so do figs, and among species of
figs none is richer in serotonin than the ficus
religiosa, known in India as the Bo tree, under which the Buddha reportedly
sat when he became enlightened." Thus the hormone produced by the pineal
gland makes possible emotions, perception, sleep and wakefulness, and
orientation to conventional reality. The
thyroid gland produces a hormone known as thyroxin, which controls the
metabolic rate at which the body produces energy. Whether a person is slow
and sluggish or extremely active is influenced by this hormone. (Occult
systems often associate this gland with the throat chakra). The
hormones produced in the thymus gland regulate the process by which the body
learns to differentiate its own proteins from foreign substances which may be
harmful to it. By this process antibodies are manufactured that react only
against invading antigens and not to the myriad similar substances necessary
to the body. One could think of the thymus gland as being closely related to
the body's sense of organic identity. The
adrenal glands, located in the back of the body above the kidneys, secrete
the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are related to states of
strong emotion. The sympathetic nervous system can stimulate the adrenal
glands and the action of the adrenal hormones produced generally intensifies
the actions of the sympathetic system throughout the body. It helps mobilize
sugar into the blood and makes more energy available to the brain and
muscles. It stimulates the heart to beat faster and also constricts the
peripheral blood vessels, thus raising blood pressure. The sex
glands or gonads are the testes in men and the ovaries in women. The hormones
they produce are responsible for the marked physical changes that take place
during puberty -- the beginning of menstruation, growth of the breasts, voice
changes and beard and body hair growth. It is
important to recognize that the complex activity of manufacturing the
hormones and enzymes, which regulate both neural transmission and the
endocrine system, is guided by the subtle programming coded into the genetic
structure of each cell in the body. One can view these three modes of
physiological functioning as communication systems. Neural transmission
provides rapid communication for the whole body -- requiring fractions of a
second for feedback. The endocrine system provides inter-organ, slow
communication -- requiring minutes to hours for feedback. While the genetic
structure can be seen as an organism-environment communication system
requiring many generations for feedback. It is
recognized that manufacturing protein substances within the cells is guided
by the DNA codes; however scientists have yet to find a satisfactory
explanation for the development of tissues, organs, and whole
organisms. Melanin:
The Organizing Molecule Building
on the "reflexive universe" model of Arthur M. Young (to be
presented at the end of Section IV), physician Frank Barr hypothesizes that
neuromelanin, a complex category of light and sound absorbing molecules, is
responsible for our experience of a continuum of mental states. It is the
molecule, he claims, that coordinates interactions between the endocrine and
nervous systems. Barr summarizes his theory: Neuromelanin
-- through 1) its photon-phonon-(exciton)-(soliton) interactions; 2) its
semi- (and possibly super-) conductive capacities; 3) its cation exchange
flow; 4) its continuous free radical signal; 5) its neuroglial direct
current; 6) its potentially diverse covalent modifications; 7) its potential
to trigger reversible enzyme cascade amplifications; etc. -- could precisely
regulate the neuroendocrine system. By meticulous phase-timing, neuromelanin
could coordinate the synthesis, release, uptake, destruction, modification,
and/or recycling of the various neuroamines and
peptides throughout the brain. The
Temporal Lobe Factor in Psychic Experience Psychologist
Michael A. Persinger of Laurentian University in
Canada that, whether psi experiences are real or imagined, the temporal lobes
of the brain play a significant role in mediating such experiences. Deep
within the temporal lobes are the mesiobasal
structures, specifically the hippocampus (often referred to as the gateway to
memory) and the more anterior, amygdala (the mediator of affect and
meaning). The
temporal lobes have diverse structures and multiple functions including
memory, the sense of self in space and time, the attribution of meaning and
emotional significance, audition, organization of complex visual patterns,
smell, and language. Persinger suggests that psi information signals are
carried on extremely low electromagnetic frequencies to which temporal lobe
structures are sensitive. He describes his approach to understanding psychic
functioning in the temporal lobes: The
deep structures of the temporal lobes are the most electrically unstable
portions of the human brain. This instability is really a sensitivity, due to
the microcircuitry of the neurons; it allows the phenomena of declarative
memory and its consolidation to occur. However, there are consequences to
this sensitivity. The temporal lobe structures are prone to electrically
active foci...Local and paroxysmal discharges can even be produced by
specific memories and biofrequency (extremely low
frequency) magnetic fields that penetrate brain tissue. The
contribution of temporal lobe processes to psi phenomena have two important
implications. Firstly, the phenomenological characteristics of psi
experiences, especially spontaneous ones, should be dominated by the functions
of the temporal lobes. Such evidence is clearly seen in the propensity for
spontaneous psi experiences to involve visuoauditory
modalities, dreams (modulated via the hippocampus), and intense affect (the
amygdala) that attributes the experience with intense, personal
meaningfulness. Secondly, the electrical lability means that many other
stimuli could both compete for neural substrates that facilitate psi
experiences and stimulate psi-like experinces, that
is generate pseudo-psi or quasi-psi. Persinger also notes that no other brain condition
simulates spontaneous psi experiences as closely as temporal lobe epilepsy.
This disorder is associated with brief paroxysmal electrical discharges
within the mesiobasal regions of the temporal lobe.
If the discharge remains within one lobe and does not propagate to motor
regions, there are no convulsions. An observer might not realize the person
is experiencing a seizure. However,
there are often experiential phenomena that are associated with such
discharges which resemble the major manifestations of spontaneous psi
experiences. These include deja vu,
depersonalization, out-of-body types of experiences, a sense of a presence,
time distortions, an internal "hearing and knowing," anxiety or
panic, experiences of floating or falling, shapes in the peripheral visual
field (especially the upper quadrant), and complex visual
"hallucinations." Electrical stimulation studies have demonstrated
that these experiences are specific to temporal lobe structures., People
who have chronic electrical discharges within temporal lobe structures also
develop a behavioral pattern which overlaps with the profile of persons
interested in psychic and "new age" matters. These patterns
include: a widening of affect, such that unusual events acquire special
personal meaning; an interest in philosophy and mysticism; a sense of
personal destiny; episodes of delusions; and a desire to either record one's
experiences or to communicate one's beliefs. Following
up on his interest in geomagnetic effects upon consciousness (which will be
discussed further), Persinger has assembled a body
of data suggesting a marked similarity between the diurnal distribution of
limbic epilepsy and psi experiences. The number of temporal lobe seizures
(with observable motor activity) were plotted for each one hour interval from
a population of about 100,000 events collected before anticonvulsants were
introduced into medicine. Seizures were most prominent between 0200 and 0400
hours local time, with a secondary peak around 2200 hours. For
comparison, the percentage of total cases per hour for all of the histories
of spontaneous telepathy concerning death and crises to significant others
from the Society for Psychical Research collections that contained the hour
of the occurrence (open circles)., In addition, Persinger
collected similar cases that contained this information as reported in Fate Magazine.
A statistical analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the
well-documented SPR collections and the less documented Fate cases --
suggesting the possibility of a similar mechanism effecting their
occurrence. Peak
displays of spontaneous experiences concerning death and crises to
significant others occurred between 0200 and 0400 hrs, with a secondary peak
around 2100 to 2300 hours. However, unlike the epileptic events, there was
increased incidence of ostensible psi experiences around 1600 hours. The
partial similarity of the hourly distribution of the incidence of both
epileptic episodes and ostensible psi experiences is an example of the
commonality of the two phenomena. They appear to exist along a continuum of
temporal lobe lability or sensitivity. They may both involve local microseizuring that generate experiential phenomena
without overt motoric displays. However, Persinger
claims that "it would be incorrect to assume that psi experiences are a
form of limbic epilepsy." One must also take into account that normal microseizuring occurs every night, during the dream or
REM (rapid eye movement) state. The most important difference from the
perspective of psi research, of course, is the trigger that evokes the
experience. Persinger has verified the existence of a temporal lobe
continuum of activity in normal individuals who show no signs of epilepsy or
abnormal personality. The more frequent the number of temporal lobe signs a
person reports, Persinger suggests, the more likely
they are to report spontaneous psi experiences and to score well in
laboratory tests of psi. The
Ecology of Consciousness One of
the most interesting new areas of science concerns electrostatic interactions
between biological organisms and the environment. I have already indicated
that the electro-chemical nature of neural transmission plays an important
role in mediating information-transfer throughout the body. Now we will take
a look at some of the more subtle extensions of our biological functioning: Our
bodies are influenced -- in ways often overlooked -- by the existence of
small ions in the atmosphere. The research of scientists such as Albert P.
Krueger are sometimes dismissed as insignificant in the face of gross
environmental pollution, however they seem to show important implications for
consciousness:
Air ion
formation begins when enough energy acts on a gaseous molecule to eject an
electron. Most of this energy comes from radioactive substances in the
Earth's crust, and some from cosmic rays. The displaced electron attaches
itself to an adjacent molecule, which becomes a negative ion, the original
molecule then becoming a positive ion...natural gas or water molecules
cluster about the ions to form small air ions of four types: H+(HzO)n, (HaO)+(HzO)n, Oz(HzO)n and OH-(HzO)n, where n is a small number. In
normal clean air over land, there are 1500 to 4000 ions/cubic centimeter. But
negative ions are more mobile and the earth's surface has a negative charge,
so negative ions are repelled from the earth's surface. Thus the normal ratio
of negative to positive ions is 1.2 to l. Man
often encounters very low concentrations of ions, and modern city life
increases the ratio of positive to negative small air ions. A 14-day study in
1971 by B. Maczynski (lnt.
J. Biometeor, vol. 15, p. 11) in an office
containing four people showed that the small air ion concentration dropped as
the day went on, falling on average to only 34 positive ions and 20 negative
ions/cm1. And a test at a light industry area of San Francisco by J. C.
Beckett (J. Amer. Soc. Heating, Refrig, and Air
Cond., vol 1- p 47) showed a small ion count of less than 80 ions/cm3. In
both cases the number of physiologically inert large ions rose
considerably-apparently small ions react with dust and pollutants to form
large ions. People
travelling to work in polluted air, spending eight hours a day in offices or
factories, and living their leisure hours in urban dwellings, inescapably
breathe ion-depleted air for substantial portions of their lives. There is
increasing evidence that this ion depletion leads to discomfort, enervation
and lassitude, and loss of mental and physical efficiency. This syndrome
appears to develop quite apart from the direct toxic effects of the usual
atmospheric pollutants. It occurs in the absence of such pollutants, in the
"clean" air of rural schools or libraries which happen to be
ion-depleted due to special factors which remove ions, such as stray
electrical fields. On the other hand, evidence is accumulating that
substantial increases in ions can have highly beneficial effects, from
relieving the pain of burns to promoting plant growth. Experiments
have shown that negative ions promote the healing rate of animals with
severed peripheral nerves, skin lacerations, burns, and post-operative
discomfort. They are known to greatly enhance cell proliferation, and under
certain circumstances they are known to raise the critical fusion frequency
threshold (the point at which a flickering light appears constant) in humans
and decrease visual reaction time. In
several instances both positive and negative ions are shown to have similar
effects. High doses of either type of ion have been shown to be lethal to
bacteria. High densities of negative or positive ions increase, on the other
hand, the maze learning ability of rats. Low concentrations of positive and
negative ions are known to produce fewer alpha frequency brain waves in human
beings. High concentrations of ions tend to disrupt alpha frequencies in a
more variable fashion. In rats, varying outputs of ions in either polarity
will produce measurable changes in urine, defecation, sleeping period,
respiration rate, and attacks on the aluminum foil ground plate used to
generate the ions. In general, oddly enough, the lowest ion concentrations
were the most effective in evoking (or provoking) such changes. Particularly
interesting is Kreuger's demonstration of the effects small air ions have on
the levels of serotonin in the blood and in the brain. He has shown that in
mice positive ions raise blood levels of serotonin and negative ions depress
them. In these rodents' brains, low dosages as well as high dosages of both
negative and positive ions produced significant decreases in serotonin-as
compared to normal atmospheric levels. This disparity can be accounted for by
the fact that serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. (You will recall
the important role brain-serotonin plays in mediating many facets of
consciousness.) Negative ions are also known to play a role in speeding up
plant growth and in increasing resistance to influenza. Research
from Israel dramatically illustrates the link between atmospheric ionization,
physiological levels of serotonin, and consciousness. In many parts of the
world, observers have noted that certain "winds of ill repute" have
a discomforting effect upon individuals -- the Santa Ana winds in Southern
California, the Chinook winds in Canada, the Mistral winds of France, the
Zonda winds of Argentina, Sirocco winds of Italy, and the Sharav
or Chamsin winds of the Near East. Symptoms such as
sleeplessness, irritability, tension, migraines, nausea and vomiting, scotoma
(diminished vision), amblyopia (dimness of vision), and edemata
(swelling of tissue) have been noted. These symptoms resemble the effects of
hyper-production of serotonin. In weather-sensitive people, urinary serotonin
output showed a steep rise two days before the onset of the Sharav winds in Israel. They remained high the following
day and dropped only after the winds began. In addition to increase in
positive ionization, the salient meteorological features of these winds are a
rapid rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity. These factors by
themselves, however, fail to account for the physiological changes noted. The
negative psychological and physiological effects are attributed to the rise
in the ratio of positively charged ions in the atmosphere preceeding
the onset of the winds. It is interesting to note in this connection that the
word doldrums has two dictionary meanings: (1) dullness; a state of
listlessness and boredom, (2) a part of the ocean near the equator abounding
in calms, light winds, and squalls. On the
other hand, in locations where (-) air ion densities are relatively high,
such as near water falls, the general effect of the local environment is
tranquilizing and conducive to good health. It is no wonder then that
scientists in the know, such as Dr. Albert Krueger in Berkeley, use air
filters and negative ion generators at all times to restore the environment
around them to its natural unpolluted and electrostatically balanced state. Stepping
into Krueger's laboratory in the Life Science Building at the University of
California, Berkeley, and breathing deeply was like all of a sudden being out
in the crisp, clean air of a mountain wilderness. Closely
related to the electrostatic and ionic phenomena of the biosphere, are
electromagnetic phenomena that also play an important role in the ecology of
consciousness. The
magnetic field of the earth extends around the planet like a large donut and
is probably created by the flow of molten metals in the earth's core. The
average intensity of this field is about 0.5 gauss and it pulses at
frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 100 cycles per second. The predominant
frequency range of magnetic pulsations, known as the Schumann resonance, is
around 7.5 cycles per second. Several researchers have suggested that this
resonance in the geomagnetic and electrostatic field has an effect upon the
human nervous system-and upon consciousness itself. The
Schumann resonance is an effect due to the fact that an electromagnetic wave
(traveling at the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second) goes around the
earth's 25,000 mile circumference around 7.5 times a second. Perhaps it is
useful to think of the 7.5 c.p.s. brain wave
frequency as the boundary between alpha waves and theta waves. If that
frequency predominates in your brain waves you are generally in the
hypnogogic or hypnopompic state just on the border of wak`ng
up or falling asleep. The theta wave is frequently observed in the EEG
patterns of experienced meditators, who must pass through the Schumann
resonance portal without falling asleep. The
field of the earth is about 1000 times weaker than the field from a small
horseshoe magnet. The reported effects of such weak magnetic fields include
altered cellular reproduction, plant growth and germination, orientation to
direction, amplitude of motor activity, and enzyme activity. Of particular
interest is the work of Dull and Dull, which showed a striking correlation
between incidents of human illness and death during periods of sharp
geomagnetic disturbances (such disturbances are often related to solar-storm
activity). Another study conducted by Robert Becker and his associates at the
Veterans Administration Hospital in Syracuse, New York, showed a positive
correlation between days of geomagnetic intensity and the number of persons
admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Professor
Michael Persinger, of the Psychophysiology
Laboratory at Laurentian University, hypothesizes that the extremely low
frequency (ELF) Schumann waves may serve as a carrier for psi information. He
points out the near impossibility of shielding against such waves, requiring
no less than "an underground bunker surrounded by several inches of
steel." Noting
that ELF waves propagate more easily from midnight to 4:00 a.m., and that
they are easier to transmit from west to east rather than east to west, Persinger surveyed the ESP literature for any
correlations. His findings were as he predicted. Telepathy and clairvoyance
do show a tendency to peak roughly between midnight and 4:00 a.m. There is
also a slight tendency for the telepathic agent to be west of the percipient
rather than to the east. To clinch his argument, Persinger
observes that fewer psi experiences are reported during periods of
geomagnetic disturbance. Such disturbances also impair the propagation of ELF
waves., Several
investigators have shown that humans are sensitive to slight variations of
magnetic intensity. Once accustomed to distinguish between the presence and
absence of a weak magnetic field, subjects in several experiments were asked
to walk back and forth over a given area without knowing whether an
artificial magnetic field had been activitated.
Under these conditions, the subjects were extremely accurate in guessing
whether the current was in operation., This sensitivity is offered as a
partial explanation for the effectiveness of dowsers in finding water: Water
filtering through porous media produces electric currents through electrofiltration potential and concentration batteries.
If the medium is sufficiently conducting, and the current of the soil is
sufficiently high, then there exists at the surface of the soil a small
magnetic anomaly. The
precise channels by which the human body detects magnetism are still a matter
of speculation. However we know most biological processes are based on
chemical interactions, which can be accounted for, in the last resort, by the
interactions of atomic nuclei and electrons. In one study with dowsers, using
strict experimental controls and a double blind, weak magnetic fields were
shown to cause measurable changes in the electrical skin potential. Another
study was conducted in which future astronauts spent up to ten days in a
special chamber free of magnetic fields. During this time, no serious psychological
or physiological deviations were reported--although some of the findings have
remained classified. It was found, however, that the subjective perception of
general brightness was lower under the non-magnetic condition--thus implying
a magnetic effect upon the visual cortex. Soviet Studies, in addition, have
determined that weak magnetic fields can effect the direction-finding
orientation of birds, fish, and insects.,, Research with honey bees shows
that they are sensitive to fields of one gamma, i.e. several thousand times
weaker than the earth's 1/2 gauss field. Homing pigeons may rival honey bees
in sensitivity. Other studies have shown that germs and viruses are sensitive
to the slightest departure of the earth's magnetic field from the average--this
is reflected in reproduction rates and in genetic changes. For example,
exposure to magnetic fields causes resistance to penicillin in certain
strains. Sister
M. Justa Smith, Ph.D., a biochemist associated with
the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York, has shown that
strong magnetic fields affect the reactivity of certain enzymes in the human
body. These enzymes can act as a catalyst to speed up the body's natural
healing processes; and, in fact, Sister Smith observed that psychic healers
do exert a non-magnetic effect on the enzyme similar to the magnetic field.
Studies such as this have left scientists with a firm conviction that
magnetic fields play an important role in the body's healing and
immunological processes. The
world map shows the variations in the intensity of the earth's geomagnetic
field. Movement of high and low centers varies very slowly with time-the rate
of this movement is measured in feet per year. The center of lowest magnetic
intensity on the planet (25 gauss) is in Brazil right over Rio de
Janeiro.
(In
terms of psychic consciousness, it is interesting to note that Spiritism has
flourished in Brazil, in spite of opposition from the Catholic Church,
perhaps more than in any other nation. Brazilian spiritists,
synthesizing modern European, native Indian, and African culture, number over
a third of Brazil's population and comprise powerful interest groups with
their own elected representatives in the national legislature. There are
entire towns in Brazil composed solely of spiritists.) The
areas of greatest geomagnetic intensity center near the poles where readings
are found in the .60-.70 gauss range. Spacecraft at the altitudes and
latitudes of the usual near-earth orbits are generally not exposed to
magnetic fields lower than those in Brazil. However, spaceflights more than
about one sixth the distance to the moon enter a magnetic environment
near-zero in intensity. It is still uncertain precisely how these variations
of magnetic field will effect the consciousness of astronauts, as scientists
are just beginning to explore the interactions of electromagnetism on the
mind and body. For
nearly thirty years doctors in Austria, West Germany and the Soviet Union
have used a therapeutic technique known as electrosleep
to cure a wide variety of psychological problems related to insomnia. A weak
electric current (just enough to cause a tingling sensation) is passed
through the head by attaching electrodes over the closed eyes and over the
mastoid process (behind the ears). This induces an altered state of consciousness,
and eventually sleep. Over
500 articles about electrosleep have been published
in the Russian literature and a number of sophisticated studies in Western
Europe have produced evidence that the therapeutic process is effective.
However, American clinicians have remained very skeptical about all
electronic therapeutic processes, which have long been associated with
medical quackery. (The unfortunate exception to this assumption is
electroshock therapy where powerful current -- 70 to 130 volts -- jolts through
a patient's brain causing convulsions, memory loss, temporary relief of
depression and other symptoms. No one is sure how or why it works.) In the
last few years, American researchers have shown a new interest in electrosleep. A number of favorable research papers have
been presented using electrosleep with humans and
animals. Improvements have been shown in cases of insomnia as well as in
removing neurotic and psychotic symptoms. The exact mechanisms are still
unknown; but it is quite clear, as we have already pointed out, that
electromagnetic brain fluctuations are involved in the basic rest and
activity cycle. The
problem of bio-electromagnetic interactions is much more intrinsic than the
comparatively simple question of brain activity. The enormous role light
plays in our daily lives is so obvious we ordinarily overlook it. The most
dramatic responses to light can be observed in plants, upon which we are
dependent for oxygen and nutrition. The Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1780) first noticed that various flowers opened at different hours and
could actually be used as a clock. Linnaeus Flower Clock: In nineteenth century Europe,
formal gardens were sometimes planted to form a clockface, with the flowers
in each bed blossoming at a different hour. On a sunny day one could tell the
time to within a half hour by glancing at the garden. We wake
and sleep according to cycles of light and darkness. Furthermore, our adrenal
hormones, pineal hormones (such as serotonin), and our sexual hormones all
follow a twenty-four hour circadian production cycle which changes with the
seasons according to the amount of available sunlight. Reflect for a moment
you2�lf just how much your consciousness is effected by sunlight and artifical light in your environment in a church or temple
in the forest on a bright afternoon...in the moonlight...by the flickering
firelight a lamplit room...just after sunset...or in the dark. One of the
things I love to do is get up early in the morning, several hours before
sunrise while it is still dark. From a hilltop, I can silently watch the
gentle conquest of darkness as the earth turns and the birds, insects and the
hormones flowing in my own blood are all part of the music -- the planetary
rotation raga. (The Hindu musicians understood this perfectly well when they
composed different pieces of music to be played at different times of day.) In
Robert O. Becker's opinion, electromagnetic fields have enormous implications
for understanding consciousness. He suggests that the analog-synaptic aspect
of the central nervous system is regulated in part by electromagnetic
interaction with the environment. His research relating geomagnetic
disturbances to psychiatric admission rates has already been cited. In other
studies he has indicated that geomagnetic disturbances effect the behavior of
patients on a psychiatric ward, and that magnetic fields also have an effect
on human reaction time., Challenges
to the Biological Identity Model Ever
since its eloquent expression in the philosophy of Rene Descartes, dualism
has been a feature of western philosophy and cultural thought. While most
physiologists implicitly subscribe to the materialistic, biological indentity model of consciousness, many of of the most promiment members
of the field have opted for a cleancut dualism.
Wilder Penfield, the Canadian neurosurgeon whose experiments of electrical
stimulation of the brain were instrumental in developing our knowledge of
cortical functioning, ended a reknowned scientific
career by renouncing the biological identity principle: In the end I conclude that
there is no good evidence, in spite of new methods, such as the employment of
stimulating electrodes, the study of conscious patients and the analysis of
epileptic attacks, that the brain alone can carry out the work that the mind
does. I conclude that it is easier to rationalize man's being on the basis of
two elements than on the basis of one. Some neurophysiologists such as
Sherrington, Eccles, and Sperry have proceeded further in stating that mind
can act on brain directly.
They
have not specified, however, what they mean by mind, nor by what mechanism
mental organization can influence brain function. This is the basic problem
of dualism. Nevertheless, support for the dualistic position has come from
the logician and philosopher of science, Karl Popper, who summarizes the crux
of the argument against a materialistic biological identity model: [Materialists
suggest] that consciousness is nothing but inner perception, perception of a
second order, or perception (scanning) of an activity of the brain by other
parts of the brain. But [they] skip and skim over the problem why this
scanning should produce consciousness or awareness, in the sense in which all
of us are acquainted with consciousness or awareness; for example, with the
conscious, critical assessment of a solution to a problem. And he never goes
into the problem of the difference between conscious awareness and physical
reality. The
monist materialist can respond -- as philospher
Thomas Hobbes did in refuting Descartes' dualism -- that there is no reason
why matter should not be capable of thinking. This formulation is correct as
far as it goes. If we conceive of matter vaguely at the start, we cannot deny
it the faculty of thought. But this essentially destroys the mechanistic
world view: in addition to the classical properties of extension and motion,
an entirely different sort of property is now being ascribed to matter. The
mechanistic claims of materialism are thereby fundamentally changed, raising
severe problems for conventional physical notions. Some
leading physicists have gone even further in their dissolution of the idea of
matter. Under the influence of Ernst Mach, a physicist who believed neither
in matter nor in atoms, and who proposed a theory of knowledge reminiscent of
William James' radical empiricism, idealistic interpretations of quantum
mechanics have been put forward. As Bertrand Russell has eloquently stated: It has
begun to seem that matter, like the Cheshire Cat, is becoming gradually
diaphanous until nothing of it is left but the grin, caused presumably, by
amusement at those who still think it is there. References . Since
there are no pain receptors in the brain itself, only the scalp needs to be
anesthetized. While there are regions of the brain that seem to elicit pain
when stimulated, these "pain centers" (i.e. in the limbic region)
are simply the parts of the brain activated by the pain receptors of the
body. .
Richard F. Thompson, Foundations of Physiological Psychology. New
York: Harper and Row, 1967. .
Joseph E. Bogen, "The Other Side of the Brain:
An Appositional Mind," in Robert Ornstein (ed.), The Nature of
Human Consciousness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973. pp. 101-125. An
anthology of scientific, philosophical and literary material. . A. T.
W. Simeons, M.D., Man's Presumptuous Brain.
New York: E. P. Dutton, 1961. One of the most enjoyable and knowledgeable
studies of brain science. Even in an age of information-explosion, still
worth reading. .
Barbara Brown, New Body, New Mind. New York: Harper and Row,
1974. The story of biofeedback research seen through the eyes of one of the
pioneer investigators. . The
last two drugs are derived in the body directly from serotonin -- and
bufotenine is also the active ingredient in the toads that are proverbally used in witches' brews. . Frank
X. Barron, Murray Jarvik & Sterling Bunnell,
Jr., "The Hallucinogenic Drugs," Contemporary Psychology
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305. . A. P.
Krueger and S. Kotaka, "The Effects of Air
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Journal of Biometeorology, 13(1), 1969, 27. .
Angela Longo, "'To Sleep; Perchance to Dream?' A Neurochemical Study of
the States of Sleep." Unpublished paper, 1971. . John
N. Bliebtrau, The Parable of the Beast.
New York: Macmillan Company, 1968, p. 74. .
Phillip Handler, ed., Biology and the Future of Man. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 59-60. A survey of the life sciences
sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. . Frank
Barr, "Melanin: The Organizing Molecule," Medical
Hypotheses, 11(1), 1983, 1-140. . Frank
Barr, What is Melanin? Berkeley, CA: Institute for the Study
of Conscousness, 1983. . L. R.
Squire, "Mechanisms of Memory," Science, 232, 1986,
1612-1619. .
Michael A. Persinger, The Paranormal: Part
I. The Patterns. New York: MSS Information, 1974. .
Michael A. Persinger, "Psi Phenomena and
Temporal Lobe Activity: The Geomagnetic Factor," in L. A. Henkel &
R. E. Berger (eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1988. Metuchen,
NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1989. pp. 124-5. . P. Gloor, A. Olivier, L. F. Quensey,
F. Andermann, & S. Horowitz, "The Role of
the Limbic System in Experiential Phenomena of Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy," Annals of Neurology, 12, 1982, pp. 129-144. . P. Gloor, "Role of the Human Limbic System in
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B. K. Doane & K. E. Livingston (eds.), The
Limbic System. New York: Raven, 1986. pp. 159-169. . Gloor, et al. . As a
person who has experienced seizures, I am interested in understanding the
extent to which one's orientation to the field of psi research and the
philosophical issues related to consciousness may be shaped by neurological
propensities. . D. M.
Bear & P. Fedio, "Quantitative Analysis of
Interictal Behavior in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," Archives of
Neurology, 34, 1977, 454-467. . W. P.
Spratling, Epilepsy and Its Treatment.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1904. .
Edmund Gurney, F. W. H. Myers & Frank Podmore, Phantasms
of the Living. London: Trubner, 1886. .
Eleanor Sidgewick, "Phantasms of the
Living," Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,
33, 1922, 23-429. .
Michael Persinger & G. B. Schaut,
"Geomagnetic Factors in Subjective Telepathic, Precognitive, and
Post-Mortem Experiences," Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 82, 1988, 217-235. . Persinger, "Psi Phenomana
and Temporal Lobe Activity," p. 127. . J. R.
Stevens, "Sleep is for Seizures: A New Interpretation of the Role of
Phasic Ocular Events in Sleep and Wakefulness," in M. B. Sterman & M. N. Shouse
(eds.), Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982, pp.
249-264. .
Michael A. Persinger & K. Makarec,
"Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Signs and Correlative Behaviors Displayed by
Normal Populations," Journal of General Psychology, 114,
1987, 179-195. . Persinger, "Psi Phenomana
and Temporal Lobe Activity," p. 131. .
Albert Krueger, "Are Negative Ions Good for You?" New
Scientist, June 14, 1973, 668. .
Albert P. Krueger, "Preliminary Consideration of the Biological
Significance of Air Ions," Scientia, September 1969. . A. P.
Krueger & S. Kotaka, "The Effects of Air
Ions on Brain Levels of Serotonin in Mice," International
Journal of Biometeorology, 13(1), 1969, 31-44. .
Albert P. Krueger, P. C. Andriese & S. Kotaka,
"Small Air Ions: Their Effect on Blood Levels of Serotonin in Terms of
Modern Physical Theory," International Journal of Biometeorology,
12(3), 225-239. .
Krueger & Kotaka, "The Effects," p.
33. .
Krueger, "Are Negative Ions Good for You?" . N.
Robinson & F. S. Dirnfield, "The lonization of the Atmosphere As a Functioning of Meterological Elements and of Various Sources of
Ions," International Journal of Biometeorology, 3(2), March
1963. . A. Danon & F. G. Sulman,
"Ionizing Effect of Winds of Ill Repute and Serotonin
Metabolism," Proceedings of the Fifth International Biometerological Congress, Sept. 1969. .
Albert P. Krueger, "Biological Effects of lonization
of the Air," in S. W. Tromp (ed.), Progress in Biometerology. Amsterdam: Swets
and Zeitlinger, 1974, p. 32. . A. P.
Krueger, personal communication to the author. .
Walter M. Elsasser, "The Earth as Dynamo," Scientific
American, May 1958. This article provides a basic explanation of the
earth's magnetic field. . James
B. Beal, "The Emergence of Paraphysics: Research and Applications,"
in E. D. Mitchell & J. White (eds.), Psychic Explorations.
New York: Putmans, 1974. . T.
Dull & B. Dull, "Uber die abhangigkeit des
Gesundheitszustandes von plotzlichen
Eruptionen auf der Sonne
und die Existenz einer 27
taigigen Periode in den Sterbefillen," Virschows Archiv, No. 293, 1934. This study is summarized in Michel
Gauquelin, The Scientific Basis of
Astrology. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker and Charles Bachman, "Geomagnetic
Parameters and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions," Nature,
200, November 16, 1963, 620-628. .
Michael Persinger, "ELF Waves and
ESP," New Horizons, 1(5), January 1975, 232-235. .
Michael A. Persinger, The Paranormal. Part
II: Mechanisms and Models. New York: M. S. S. Information Corp.,
1974. . Selco Tromp, "Review of the Possible Physiological
Causes of Dowsing," International Journal of Parapsychology, 10(4),
1968. Tromp, a Dutch researcher, has been the executive editor of the International
Journal of Biometerology. . Y. Rocard, "Actions of a Very Weak Magnetic Gradient:
The Reflex of the Dowser," in Madeleine F. Barnothy
(ed.), Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields. New York: Plenum
Press, 1969. .
Ibid., p. 281. . A
double blind is a basic experimental technique in which neither the subject
nor the experimenter know whether a particular condition is part of the
control or the test group, i.e. whether the magnetic field is on or off. .
Tromp, op. cit. . Yurij A. Kholodov, "Electromagnetic
Fields and the Brain," Impact: of Science on Society, 24(4),
October 1974, 291-297. Kholodov is one of the
Soviet researchers in the area of biomagnetic
interactions. This issue of Impact, published by UNESCO, was devoted to the
international developments in the "parasciences." . Yuri Kholodov, "The Brain and the Magnetic
Field," Journal of Paraphysics, 6(4), 1972, 144-147. This
article provides a more detailed description of Kholodov's
experiments. Several other articles in this issue of the Journal of
Paraphysics, published in England by Benson Herbert, deal with bio-magnetics. . A. S.
Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life, trans.
by F. L. Sinclair, ed. by F. A. Brown. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. This
volume is a compendium of the Soviet work in bio-magnetics. Presman is on the biophysics faculty at Moscow
University. .
Victor Yagodinsky, "The Magnetic Memory of the
Virus," Journal of Paraphysics, 6(4), 1972, 141. Translated
from the Russian. . M. Justa Smith, "The Influence on Enzyme Growth by the
'Laying on of Hands,'" in Dimensions of Healing. Los Altos,
Ca.: Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine, 1973. .
Svetlana Vinokurava, "Life in a Magnetic
Web," Journal of Paraphysics, 5(4), 1971, 135. . Homer
Jensen, "The Airborn Magnetometer," Scientific
American, 202(6), June 1961, 152. . Pedro
McGregor, The Moon and Two Mountains. London: Souvenir Press,
1966. This book offers an unusual balance of emotional involvement and
sociological objectivity. The author, an educated journalist, is also the
founder of a spiritist church which is attempting
to synthesize the many conflicting strains of Brazilian magical tradition. .
Charles C. Conley, "Effects of Near-Zero Magnetic Fields on Biological
Systems," Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, Vol.2. . R. R.
Koegler, S. M. Hicks, L. Rogers & J. H. Barger,
"A Preliminary Study in the Use of Electrosleep
Therapy in Clinical Psychiatry," in Norman L. Wulfson (ed.), The
Nervous System and Electric Currents. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. pp.
137-143. Not satisfied with the quality of the European work, these American
researchers conducted their own study with encouraging results. . Gay Gaer Luce, Biological Rhythms in Human and Animal
Physiology. New York: Dover, 1971, pp. 120-132. This is an unabridged
version of a report originally prepared for the National Institute of Mental
Health. . John
N. Ott, Health and Light. Old Greenwich, Connecticut:
Devin-Adair, 1973. Using the techniques of time-lapse photography, this
volume demonstrates the effects of light variations on plants and points to
similar responses in animals and people. .
Robert O. Becker, "The Effect of Magnetic Fields Upon the Central
Nervous System," Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, Vol. 2,
pp. 207-214. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker & Charles H. Bachman, "Psychiatric
Ward Behavior and Geophysical Parameters," Nature, 205,
March 13, 1965, 1050-1052. .
Howard Friedman, Robert O. Becker & Charles H. Bachman, "Effect of
Magnetic Fields on Reaction Time Performance," Nature, 213,
March 4, 1967, 949-950. .
Wilder Penfield, Mystery of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1975, p. 114. .
Charles Sherrington, Man On His Nature. New York: Macmillan,
1941. . John
C. Eccles, Facing Reality. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970. . Roger
W. Sperry, "Mental Phenomena as Causal Determinants in Brain
Function," in G. G. Globus, G. Maxwell & I. Savodnik
(eds.), Consciousness and the Brain. New York: Plenum, 1976. . Karl
R. Popper & John C. Eccles, The Self and Its Brain. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 98. .
Bertrand Russell, "Mind and Matter," in Portraits From
Memory. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956, p. 145. |
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